Project assignment (Business Analysis and Process Consulting) Essay

Project assignment (Business Analysis and Process Consulting) - Essay Example Products and practices that can be incorporated for the expansion of service offerings as well as reduction of impact on the environment by Foresbys include that of introducing home cleaning services, waste management services, recycling services and security service for homes as well as offices (Checkland & Poulter, 2006). Waste management and recycling businesses share synergy with cleaning services because waste, that is produced and eliminated in a process of cleaning, needs to be disposed properly. Also, such waste management is required by each one of the client, who employ cleaning services invariably. Hence, there appears to be some definite synergy between the business and the proposed issue of change. Once the contract for cleaning was secured, the company sent their cleaning agents to the said location for performing their tasks within specified time frame. The cleaning agents were qualified officials who had the requisite training in safe and efficient cleaning of office premises and were also trained for specialized cleaning. To improve upon the existing distribution and operations structure, Foresbys can form specialized teams who were capable of handling specific jobs, rather than multiple cleaning activities at once. This would not only instil efficiency at specific work, but also increase the speed of cleaning tasks undertaken by the company (Checkland, 2000). The customers shall pay for proper disposal of their waste material and company can also charge them with a premium price for using environment friendly and safe products while performing cleaning activities. Customers are becoming increasingly concerned about the environment and shall be willing to pay additional prices for the environmental cause. Furthermore, it would provide the company with a sustainability edge over other cleaning businesses in the country. Socially responsible company behaviour

Syntactic Development of Children Essay Example for Free

Syntactic Development of Children Essay Language developmentphonology, semantics, syntax and pragmaticsplays a key role in child development; whereas it acts as an indicator for the important facets of child progression, its’ more important function is that it facilitates the child’s course of learning in terms of linguistics and cognitive abilities.   The pattern and capacity of the child learner for language developmentthe acknowledgement of morphemes and the use of syntax-is normally referred to as â€Å"First Language Acquistion.† Chomsky (1975), one of the major proponents of Nature’s role in acquisition, contended that there exist a universal grammar and that the child-learners (/infants/growing child) have innate, language-specific abilities that facilitate and constrain language learning. Children are said to develop an almost innate or automatic synaptic rules without explicit instruction from their surroundings/environment. The generative language and the transformation adopts a minimalist approach wherein there is economy in terms of derivation and representation in grammar and syntax.   Chomsky (1959;65) suggested the Bare Phase Structure wherein sentence building is derivational, not pre-conceived, binarily-branched, and no recognizable head and terminal parts. Up to now, such notion is vague and problematic. Basically, language development starts from two-word utterances during the early stage of the child’s life to a rule-governed system of language at ages three to four. Past four years old, the child starts to explore and learn morphology ‘creatively’. Concomitant to this is the development of Mean Length Utterances (MLUs) from simple telegraphic morphemes to grammatical morphemes. Grammatical morphemes refer to the inflection of content (e.g. number and tenses) and function of words (e.g. preposition and articles) (Brown 1973). Acquisition of grammatical morphemes follows a certain order which is dependent on the complexity of the (set of) words. Prepositions, plural forms and present progressive tenses are easily acquired compared to contractible copula and auxiliary forms of the words. Such order is determined by semantic and syntactic complexity. Learners from pre-school and first grade have the capacity to correctly apply grammatical morphemes to novel words. Dulay and Burt (1978;82) constructed the acquisition hierarchy for 13 English grammatical morphemes for Spanish-speaking- and Cantonese-speaking children which is summarily describes as follows: Group 1 (Nominative/Accusative: simple declarative sentences), Group II (singular copula, s/p auxiliary, progressive), Group III (Past Irregular, possessive, 3rd person singular, conditional auxiliary, long plural) and Group IV (perfect auxiliary and past participle). The problem with such assumption on interlanguage is that the theory is too reduced or oversimplified. While it is true that syntactic development follows a process, the major problems involved are the different comparison groups used for the study, the progression is not systematically defined, and of course, there exist the language variation. Such language variation is real and must be accepted as a challenge for future research on the subject. To fully understand interlanguage, future researchers should consider a wider scope in cognitive and linguistic aspects correlated to early learning. Works Cited Brown, R. A First Language: The Early Stages. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP,1973. Chomsky, N. Reflections on Language. NY: Pantheon Books, 1975. Chomsky, Noam. 1959. Review of Verbal Behavior by B.F. Skinner. Language 35, 26-58. Chomsky, Noam. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1965 Dulay, H., and M. Burt.. Errors and strategies in child second language acquisition. TESOL Quaterley 1974, 8, 129-136. Dulay, H., and M. Burt. Some remarks on creativity in language acquisition. In William C. Ritchie (ed.). Second Language Acquisition Research, NY: Academic Press, 1978. Dulay, H.,M.Burt, and S. D. Krashen. Language Two. New York: Oxford UP, 1982. Dulay, H., E. Hernandez-Chavez, and M. Burt. The process of becoming bilingual. In S. Singh and J. Lynch (ed). Diagnostic Procedures in Hearing, Speech and Language. Baltimore: University Park Press, 1978, 251-303.

Business Trip Encounter with SARS :: Personal Narrative China Travel Essays

Encounter of the Worse Kind My scheduled flight to Hong Kong was delayed because of a conference meeting that ran over in New York. I rescheduled for the following week on Tuesday, February 21, 2003. I arrived in Hong Kong and met my business contact and headed off to the conference at the Metropole Hotel. Something seems odd here, unlike my trips before. There are people with masks on everywhere. I asked my business contact what was going on. He said there was some kind of flu going around. I have never seen so many people with masks on before. In the U.S. people rarely put on masks even if they have the flu. He also said that a lot of people are sick and some have died from it. It seems odd that people would die from catching the flu; I mean nowadays who dies from getting the flu. We finally arrived at the conference and I met my clients. Most of the clients seemed sick but were determined to finalize the deal. Some of them were coughing and some had sore throats. I was afraid I would get sick from being too close to them and I tried to take precautions by taking cough drops and Tylenol when I felt I was coming down with the flu. I was glad when the meeting was over. The contract took two days to iron out all the details. Since the meeting went well I decided to stay in Hong Kong for a little longer. I needed a break from work and wanted to go sight seeing. I have been to Hong Kong a couple of times but never had the chance to see the countryside. The following morning when I woke up I started to cough and was running a fever. I was probably infected from the close contact of the sick clients. So I decided to stay in and rest for a while. I was sleepy and couldn't get up from my bed. The next day it got worse. I had a sore throat and had muscle pain. I've never been this sick before and I thought to myself that it was due to getting older and my immune system not being up to par. I have been very busy lately and my stress level has been up more than usual.

Left Brain vs Right Brain Learning Styles Essay

People learn in many different ways, but do you ever wonder why that is. Why are we so different and learn so differently? The brain is the answer to that question. The brain gives us what we need to determine what and who we are as people. Because of the human brain’s complexity, professors and teachers are starting to see that one way of teaching is not always the best way from everyone. â€Å"Each child processes new information in ways are related to environmental, emotional, sociological, physiological, and psychological elements† (Green, 1999, p. 684). When it comes to the process of learning and thinking, the average person has two sides of the brain that determines how they learn. The two main halves of our brain are the right brain and the left brain hemispheres. Each hemisphere performs different functions and communicates information differently. One hemisphere is not more important than the other but they do determine how we see things and interpret them in our mind. With the left brain hemisphere, the characteristics are mathematical and analytical and with the right hemisphere the characteristics are more creative and imaginative. The brain is very complex to understand. Once we learn how the left side brain learns and how the right side brain learns, then we can better develop a way of learning for all types of students and people. The left side hemisphere of the brain include characteristics such as language skills, mathematical concepts, analytical skills, and logic and reasoning. Those individuals that have this brain hemisphere dominance are good with letters, numbers and words (Sousa, 1995, p. 88). The concepts of learning for the left side brain hemisphere is based on step by step instructions. A person who is dominant on their left side hemisphere learns better by having a plan to follow with organization. Learning facts and solving problems are some of the many ways to teach people with a dominant left side. Those people do not like surprises and they don’t like to learn courses that have no connection to the real world. They tend to want to deal with things the way they are in real life, not in a fantasy world. Left side learners are affected by their environment and have a hard time adapting to changes in their environment. Some of the other things that left side dominant learners are good at over the right side is they are better at memorizing facts and doing hands on work. They are list people and process things in a linear manner. Everything must be in sequential order to make things easier to learn. This is why math comes so easy for them because that is all math is a sequential order of steps to get to a solution. Left side learners do have trouble expressing themselves in words which makes the right side learner more dominant in that area. The right side hemisphere of the brain is quite different. The right side dominant people prefer to discover the possibilities and are good at grasping new concepts. They are more comfortable with abstractions and do not like courses that involve a lot of memorizing and routine calculations. The right side learner usually needs background information before a lecture or to have an abstraction before they read a book or chapter. This helps them better prepare for their class or what they are about to begin. They want to see, feel, or touch the real object. They have a need for things to be concrete, not theory. The right side learner does not like repetition unlike the left side learner. They need to see words and how a formula works in order to grasp the concept of how it works. Creative arts, music, and facial recognition are the dominant portions for the right side learner. Because they are color sensitive, right side learners try to use color to learn sequence. For example how to get to the grocery store from where they live. They would try to match up places and how they looked to where they might need to turn or go to. It is known as the Artist Brain because it is in charge of creative talents. Since both sides of the brain are not equal in the way that a person learns things, each side serve their purpose. For everyone, one side of their brain is more dominant than the other but no one is just right side or left side alone. â€Å"When learning is new, difficult, or stressful we prefer to learn in a certain way† (Hopper, 2007, p. 2) . Both sides of the brain are needed to function and communicate with each other through the corpus callosum which sends messages back and forth to each other between the right and left hemispheres. So now that we know that not everyone learns the same due to the left or the right hemisphere being more dominant than the other for those people, how do we become better teachers to provide a better learning environment for both sides. â€Å"While brain research alone can’t tell us how to teach people, understanding the brain leads to uncovering underlying learning mechanisms† (Worden, Hinton, & Fischer, 2011, p. 10). With this understanding of how both sides of the brain work, teachers and researchers can better train and teach students how to do things based on what side brain they use the most. There should not be just one way of learning something. Teachers have a hard job, but with knowledge and understanding they can better equip today’s leaders with the right tools to success. In conclusion, both sides of the brain are powerful in their own ways. The left side hemisphere learn by logical process and right side hemisphere learns by more creative ways. With understanding what each side does and how both sides might work together, we can come up with better ideas on how to teach students better for all types of learners. There is no one right way to teach someone something. It is finding that way to get them to understand things that poses as a challenge for us today. Each side serve their purpose and help each other along the way. With this understanding, we can become better teachers for the average person to the mentally disabled. References Green, F. E. (1999). Brain and Learning Research: Implications for Meeting the Needs of Diverse Learners. Education, 119(4), 682. Hopper, C. (2007). Learning Styles. Retrieved March 3, 2013, from Learning Styles: http://frank. mtsu. edu/~studskl/hd/learn. html. Sousa, D. R. (1995). How the brain learns. Reston, VA: NASSP. Worden, J. M. , Hinton, C. , & Fischer, K. W. (2011). What Does the Brain Have to Do with Learning?. Phi Delta Kappan, 92(8), 8-13.

Advantages Of City Life Essay

Sometime you may be think, the city life is better than village life. However there are so many advantages in city life. Actually the city life is more comfortable. As well as there are more opportunities for people to progress in their lives. There are a lot of facilities for people in the city and they have more opportunities for making money. Children living in the city can get a good education, because there are better schools in the town than in the village. When a person falls ill there are good government and private hospitals in the city to get treatment. There are large shop complexions, banks, offices, theaters, hostels, clubs, hospitals etc. in and around the city. People in the city have better transport facilities than the village. There is electricity, highway, communication, telecommunication, plumb facilities in the city. So people can lead a comfortable and enjoyable life in the city. Although living in the city has many advantages. Read more: Village life vs city life essay 1. People easily adapt themselves to city life; noise, traffic, etc. are hardly noticed. 2. There are many reasons why city life is preferable: there are more places for entertainment. 3. It is good to be near one’s friends and never cut off by weather conditions. 4. Life is never dull; there is always something to do. 5. There are better schools and services in big cities. 6. There are more chances for employment. There is a greater range of jobs and the pay is higher. 7. There is more opportunity to succeed in life. 8. There is more opportunity to meet a variety of interesting people. 9. Living standards are higher in cities 10. It is easier to earn more money. 11. The educational level is higher; it is a better place for children. 12. The teachers in the schools are better. 13. There is more choice of schools. 14. The shopping has a wider variety and prices are better. Although the life in the city is more comfortable than village life. village is not devolved area here we can’t get easily many facilities like transportation facilities, higher education facility, irrigation facility, electricity facility, health facility, communication facilities etc. Many peoples of village they most have done hard work in their field to produce many kind of grain production but the out come is little than their labor. They use to go long distant to take drinking water. There is no transportation facility that’s why they walk on foot to go one place to another place. Here are some disadvantages of village life no proper hospital nearby. no proper road, only dusty little paths. no shops close by. education is less available. villagers have to walk for miles to get fresh water. 1. City has many advantages over village, because city modern life facility are easily available, as telephone , gas , internet, schools, colleges, universities, hospitals,industries,factories, roads, airports, railway stations and many more, but most village are deprived of these many facilities like many villages no facility of gas, telephone , roads, etc. 2. City life is more advanced then village life, because in city you can get education facilities easily, you can find college or university of your own choice, more ever you can learn modern technologies easily in city from skilled person, but unfortunately these facilities are not easily available. 3. City people have more job opportunities have as compare to people living in villages, in city you can find job in factory or even you can start your own business, where is village is mostly agriculture based, so they mostly depend upon agriculture crops income. 4. In city you can find different health facilities like different government and private hospitals , but in village you can not find more health facilities. DISADVANTAGES OF CITY LIFE. there are some disadvantages too. The cost of living is very high in the city. Most goods are very expensive. There is no fresh air and pure water. The environment is polluted with dust, smoke, garbage and dioxide gases from factories. Most of the people who live in the city are corrupted. So there are lots of crimes in the city. Many thefts and murders often take place in the city. The city is always busy and noisy. There are a lot of vehicles and people in the road. The streets are dusty and unclean. So it is hard to lead a healthy life in the city. As well as there are so many advantages in the village life. Mainly the people of the village live in unity and peace. The villagers earn money very hard and earn money enough for live. So they live less competition with each other. So they can reach a good position. They have more friends in the community since it is small. The village people always try to protect their traditional habits and culture. The village has clean air and the environment is very beautiful. The village has less noise and rush. So the pollution is less. The village has not lot of vehicles. So roads are less dangerous for driving cycling. They can get fresh vegetables and fresh fruits. The environment of the village is pleasant and silent and it has scenic beauty. The village has not only good points, but also it has bad points. The village has intelligent people. But many people are not educated. Villager’s children go to the village’s school. They are not go to the city’s school. They have difficult to keep up with new developments in their field or profession. Same day villagers live same place. Village people have to face many difficulties for their lives , like traveling problems. They have to go to the city for supply their needs. Although the life in the city is more comfortable than village, I like village life than city. 5. But in city there are also some problems like pollution, traffic jam, tension and you have no free time to meet with relatives and friends, these problem are not found in villages, because of this village people are more healthier and energetic, because they have pure food available them no pollution problems.

Marketing Concept Consumer Loyalty essay

Marketing Concept Consumer Loyalty essay Marketing Concept: Consumer Loyalty essay Marketing Concept: Consumer Loyalty essayConsumer loyalty is a feature of subjectively-positive approving consumer attitudes to a company, its brands, products and services, personnel, and other aspects, expressed through commitment. Under a loyal customer, marketers understand a person who makes regular repeat purchases, consumes a wide variety of company’s products, attracts other buyers, and does not respond to competitors’ offers. In general, consumer loyalty to a company largely determines the success of business and its assessment in the eyes of competitors and partners, as well as provides a strong foundation for stable sales. Further, we will focus on the essence of this marketing concept by studying both theoretical understanding and practical applications of loyalty mechanisms.Basically, loyalty is expressed in the fact that a consumer gives preference to company’s goods or services for a considerably long period of time (usually, over 1 year), almost w ithout asking for similar solutions from company’s major competitors. In this case, the concept of loyalty behavior includes the following categories (Reichheld Teal, 2001, p. 41): 1) action factors (purchase); 2) intention (subsequent actions; the probability of repeat purchases); 3) recommendations (the probability of recommendations of other people); 4) sensitivity (insensitivity to the actions of competitors); and 5) inertia (willingness to find other new options). The key force pushing a customer from stage 1 to subsequent stages is a positive experience after acquiring a product. For example, if a consumer is fully satisfied with the quality of a product of a particular company and service by company’s personnel, next time, with the rest factors stable, he/she is highly likely to make the same consumer choice in favor of this brand (further, we won’t consider the basic preconditions of loyalty, assuming that a company is competitive enough to provide them ). Besides, this favorable attitude will also be transferred to all the new products of the company. Furthermore, the strategy of strengthening customer loyalty is justified through the recent research results showing that the attraction of one new customer costs 5-10 times more than retaining an existing one (Reichheld Teal, 2001, p. 137), while a satisfied customer typically informs an average of 3 friends about a successful purchase, and an unsatisfied client shares one’s annoyance with about 10 friends (Reichheld Teal, 2001, p. 151).From the standpoint of company’s financial success, consumer loyalty leads to the following results (basing on Reichheld Teal, 2001; Dooley, 2011; and Velzquez et al., 2011):1) consumers become less sensitive to price, which means that a product (or service) can be charged at a higher price without the risk of losing the part of the turnover;2) the cost of sales to existing customers is lower than sales to the new ones. As a result, company’s profitability may grow up, even though the price is pulled down. In this case, a client can be offered a range of additional services (products) on the basis of cross-selling, thereby increasing the turnover of the company. Indeed, as Hallberg (1995) states, approximately 80% of their incomes companies receive from 20% of their customers, whereas the increase in the share of regular customers by only 5% results in the profit increase by 50% or even more (Reichheld Teal, 2001, p. 213).That is why, today more and more companies come to the idea of creating and implementing measures aimed at strengthening customer loyalty, primarily by means of personalized sales. For this purpose, companies provide the opportunities leaving feedback through which their consumers articulate their complaints or questions about the quality of a product/service, as well as introduce special programs to encourage consumption such as various seasonal discounts, gift certificates, birthday presents and sales on national holidays. Another effective approach is the development accumulative cards or club memberships for consumers.The latter method allows companies to not only attract new customers, but also greatly improve the quality of interaction with regular partners. One of the world’s first programs of this kind was the AAdvantage developed by American Airlines, which guaranteed passengers a substantial discount on next ticket after accumulating a certain number of miles. Today, similar programs are widely adopted in key airline services, as well as in hotel and restaurant chains. In a subconscious fear to lose alluring opportunities, consumers vigorously collect their loyalty points. As a result, Hilton clients rarely switch for Marriott (Velzquez et al., 2011). Studies have shown that loyalty programs using some type of bonus cards result in a decrease in consumer turnover by 30%, and an increase in the volume of business by 10%, while holding only 5% of t he total number of customers over time lead to 25-85% increase in profit obtained from them (Reichheld Teal, 2001, p. 183-87). At the same time, as Velzquez et al. (2011, p. 70) rightfully claim, bonus programs may be easily copied and therefore cannot provide a decisive competitive advantage.According to Garth Hallberg (1995), differentiated marketing strategy should also involve highly profitable direct communication and feedback based on efficient database systems. For instance, such large companies as Procter Gamble and Kraft Foods have already collected databases numbering more than 40 million records of individual households (Rungie et al., 2013, p. 1672), and the effectiveness of this strategy is proved experimentally. In particular, studies show a significant increase in the positive image of the brand and the volume of its purchases by those customers who have participated in direct communication programs on increasing loyalty. A typical program aimed at potentially high- profit consumers leads to an increase in sales inside this group by nearly 25% (Dean, 2007, p. 165). It is also important to mark that a substantial increase in company’s fame, image and frequency of purchases in the case of direct communication with consumers had a long-term effect. In many studies (Reichheld Teal, 2001; Dean, 2007; Rungie et al., 2013), changes were recorded even 2-3 months after the program implementation, while about 80% of the U.S. television audience cannot remember a particular advertisement they have seen the day before.On the other hand, in their long-term perspective, bonus cards turn to be unprofitable, and direct communication is often annoying. In this regard, one of the most vivid examples of an effective strategy is Apple, Inc., known for its most loyal customers. Despite several considerable declines, Apple has managed to achieve unprecedented loyalty by competently playing on â€Å"tribal instincts†. This amazing loyalty was surely bu ilt of many factors including advanced design, original products and technologies, user experience, creative marketing, etc. However, there is also an unexpected element, which, according to Roger Dooley (2011), played one of the key roles: the creation of an enemy to compete with. In its marketing fights with Samsung, Apple has been persistently building the social image of Apple users, which would differ dramatically from the rest of consumers. The result of using basic social archetypes was the emergence of Apple cult. Similar contradistinction strategy also used to be applied by such competitors as Nike and Adidas, IBM and Microsoft.Here, basing on Rungie et al. (2013) and Dooley (2011), a current trend should be stressed again: contemporary consumers react positively primarily on companies offering ideas â€Å"beyond known†, i.e. new technologies and bold features. Other non-material forms of consumer loyalty strengthening may involve company’s transparent policie s, clear corporate social responsibility policy, green and eco-saving innovations, newly discovered ways to connect on media, possibilities of the uniqueness of samples or their full compliance to individual specific requirement, as well as their multifunctionality. For instance, the Sportline Company has recently invented an interactive bottle equipped with a display. The smart vessel not only dispenses liquid, but also tells the time of the next portion, and demonstrates current indicators to monitor the level of water need in the body. The Life cycle of such products might be short, but the loyalty accompanying will be high proportionally. Attracted by markets gamification, consumers are often ready to follow their idols to the end.In sum, a loyal customer is always valuable in financial terms: he/she regularly buys company’s products, attracts new customers, requires much less attention, is already familiar with the company’s range of products and offerings, as wel l as more resistant to price fluctuations and is prone to overpay a little rather than buy unfamiliar goods. Therefore, the crucial task for any company consists in consumer retention, the inadmissibility of consumer’s departure to company’s competitor. In this regard, consumer devotion should be rewarded with an excellent service, personal attention, personalized discounts, bonuses, and gifts, in a row with relevant policies on constructing consumer’s social image, and considering personal feedbacks, interests and tastes in developing new product lines.

Where to Buy German Books Online

Where to Buy German Books Online Even though large bookstores have for the most part shut down in America there are still many independent bookstores. Many of them cater to specific genres or types of books. If learning languages and foreign translations are your things then these bookstores are a must see. The following is a listing of German bookstores and distributors both online and via telephone in the United States an Canada. Die Bà ¼cherstube If youre  looking for imported German books and music, Die Bà ¼cherstube website is for you. This family business has been running online since 1996. Dont let the antiquated look of the site fool you, theyve got what you need. P.O. Box 700Pelion, SC 29123Tel: 1-888-BUECHER (283-2437)Toll-free in US/CanadaFax: (803) 894-5307Email: infobuecherstube.com Continental Book Company If you need language and common core books the Continental Book Company online store is perfect for you. Its website is also a little old school but its easy to navigate and find what you need. It provides books in nearly a dozen languages.   625 E. 70th Ave., #5Denver, CO 80229Tel: (303) 289-1761Fax: (303) 289-1764 European Book Company, Inc If youre hoping for a more tailored experience check out European Book Companys website. If you cant find what youre looking for in their extensive digital stack just send them an email. Anything they cant find in-house theyre usually happy to special order.   925 Larkin StreetSan Francisco, CA 94109Tel: (415) 474-0626Fax: (415) 474-0630Email: infoeuropeanbook.com Galda Leuchter International Booksellers This library service is actually part of a German publisher which specializes in academic texts. If youre a college student needing older German texts the Galda Leuchter International Booksellers store will suit your needs.   Galda Library Services Inc.33 Richdale AvenueCambridge, MA 02140Tel.: (617) 864-8232Fax: (617) 497-0937Email: glsbookworld.std.com Abe German Book Center   If youre really looking to cut out large corporate sites then you have to check out Abe German Book Center. The website links together thousands of independent bookstores, allowing you to access all their catalogs from one site.   German Book Center N.A. Inc.1317 County Road 56Mountaindale, NY 12763Email: germanbookmsn.com GLP German Language Publications, Inc. If youre really looking to immerse yourself in the German language, you should try reading the German editions of your favorite magazines.  GLP German Language Publications, Inc. offers subscriptions of popular German newspapers and magazines.   153 South Dean St.Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07631Tel.: (201) 871-1010Fax: (201) 871-0870Email: 75557.105compuserve.com IBIS - International Book Import Service, Inc. Located in an old Jack Daniels Distillery, this family business has been serving individuals and universities since 1989. Let International Book Import Service fulfill all your German language book needs.   161 Main StreetP.O. Box 8188Lynchburg, TN 37352-8188Tel: (800) 277-4247Fax: (931) 759-7555Email: IBISIBIService.com New Mastodon If youre looking for German books, DVDs, CDs and fine prints you need to visit New Mastodons site. This family-run business also offers media in Spanish and Italian.   5820 Wilshire Blvd. #101Los Angeles, CA 90036Tel: (323) 525 1948Fax: (323) 525 0266Email: newmastodonearthlink.net Schoenhofs Foreign Books Inc. Founded in 1856 this store offers one of the largest selections of foreign language books in North America. If you love to visit brick and mortar stores Schoenhofs Foreign Books Inc. is worth the visit.   76a Mount Auburn StreetCambridge, MA 02138Tel. (617) 547-8855Fax: (617) 547-8551Email: infoschoenhofs.com Book Stage   Book Stage  offers new as well as rare and out of print books. Its a great place to find antique titles.   126 Waterloo St. S.Stratford, ON N5A 4B4Tel.: 1 519 2720937Fax: 1 519 2720927Email: bookstagebellnet.ca

Nursing School Admission Essay

Nursing School Admission Essay Nursing School Admission Essay Nursing School Admission Essay: A Plan for Your Writing If you want to write a nursing school admission essay which will bring you to admission itself, you have to mention some of the required points while your nursing school application essay writing. This article is going to explain you what kind of the information you have to mention and what you have to write in your nursing school admission essay in order the admission committee to admit you. Use our nursing school admission essay plan in your writing and you re doomed to success. Tips On Writing Nursing School Admission Essay Convince the admission committee that you really want to be admitted and explain why you are worth of being admitted in this very nursing school. Write about your strengths; emphasize some of the traits of your personality, which differ you from all the other applicants. Mention your relations with your friends; write how they would describe you if they were asked to do it. Speak about your favorite activity and how it influences your every day life. Whether it helps you to become more disciplined or maybe t helps you to solve some of the problems you have. Describe your favourite book or movie and tell how it changes your personality and your outlook. Mention some moment of epiphany, which you have once experienced, consider what you have learned thanks to this very moment. Write about your experience if there is such in the field of medicine in whole and in the field of nursing in particular. Speak about your major success and failure in your life. Tell which traits of character have helped you to succeed in something and which conclusion you have made after you experienced some failure. Tell whether you had some difficult times in your life and what they taught you. Mention your plans for future, how you imagine your future life, which person you want to be near with, which career you want to make and how your nursing degree will help you to make your dreams come true. Give a strong reason for why you have chosen this very school to admit and not the other one. Read also:http://.com/blog/college-admission-essay-writing We Can Help You With Writing A Successful Admission Essay We hope this very nursing school admission essay plan will help you a lot while writing. Do not forget to mention all of the points we have enumerated for you in order your nursing school admission essay to be competitive and successful one. Interesting topics: Critical Success Factor Analysis Concept Essay Essay Assignment Analysis Case Studies How to Write a Research Paper

The Consequences of Vietnam War on the American Society Term Paper

The Consequences of Vietnam War on the American Society - Term Paper Example The most devastating effect on the society was felt by the Vietnamese veterans. They were so outraged by the injustice of the war that they formed the organization â€Å"Vietnam Veterans against the War†. The organization grew tremendously to nearly 30,000 members from veterans in the U.S as well as officers on duty in Vietnam. In the Foreword of the book Telltale Hearts, Ambrose opines that all American wars have instigated some kind of uprising against the war but the movement against Vietnam War was by far the biggest, the most influential and ironically, the least effective too (Garfunkel, 1997). The returning veterans also experienced various health problems due to the use of chemicals and herbicides in the war. Many of the veterans returned home only to live the rest of their lives in fear of developing diseases from the chemicals and passing it down to their children. Others were now addicted to drugs such as heroin and marijuana which increased the demand of heroin in the U.S market. According to a study conducted by the Pentagon in 1970s, 35% of GIs had tried marijuana while the rate of this occurrence increased gradually because of the falling morale and changing culture (Kuzmarov, 2009). Hence, drug abuse grew in the American society as a result of the Vietnam War. The veterans of the war also suffered a lot of disgrace. They were severely stereotyped and were claimed unfit to readjust into society due to the gory, inhumane nature of the Vietnam War and hence, were ostracized for their participation in the war. Even though these veterans served their country just like any other, they were not given the same respect or appreciation. The writer of the book The Vietnam War rightly says that if the people of a nation are against a certain governmental policy, it is seldom to succeed and even if it does, the impact is temporary and rightly so (Huynh & Werner, 1993). The Vietnam veteran’s memorial was erected primarily to return the honor and respect the troops deserved despite the political reasons of the war. It was built seven years after the war which was a bit too late to commemorate the sacrifices of the soldiers. Despite the concern of POVs, people were less concerned about the internal matters of U.S and more about the government’s interest in Vietnam, or the foreign policy. Eventually the society began to see the war differently and began to distrust the U.S government. Initially it was the poor people who sacrificed. It was their sons who were sent to war. Eventually the lives of the middle and upper classes started getting effected too. This is when the hue and cry against the war actually started (Huynh & Werner, 1993). The military also became extremely unpopular in the eyes of the American people. The war did not affect U.S position as the super power because the country was not physically hit. However, it did bring about a change in the internal politics of the country. The early 1970s witnessed â €Å"Momentous changes† in the US because of the war. Previously, the congress was flexible with the formulation of the foreign policy by the executive and decided to ignore the latter’s manipulation. However, around this time, this practice was coming to an end (Brown, 1991). These changes proved to bring about a

Assignment1 economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assignment1 economics - Essay Example living for many in the Asian countries. However, the rapid growth in the economy of these countries have left the Middle East strained of skilled and unskilled labor. The Middle East's booming construction industry currently faces two main threats, the supply chain management of materials for construction, the supply of work force and the issues associated with them. Let us look at the questions below: 1. What has the government done to improve the situation The rise in the prices of oil affects the price of materials imported into the country for construction. The UAE government has cut down on import duty and is planning to launch its own materials supply company. More over the UAE is also launching its Nuclear energy program implementation organization according to the recommendations of the IAEA and the implemented organization will be called as the Emirates nuclear energy corporation. This is done mainly to meet the growing energy demand and facilitate construction companies. Company strategy& decision 4 Sources say that the UAE lifted cement and steel duties in March to reduce the burden on contractors and stabilize the steel market. The Dubai gold and commodities exchange launched its first steel rebar futures contract in October 2007 (Said Summer, Reuters 2008). The government has also paid attention to the rising dislike among laborers for gulf as a job destination the reason for the dislike being the low wages, poor working conditions, and lack of job security. Update "The UAE government has announced a review of workers' wages in the construction sector, following a series of strikes recently. The Cabinet has ordered a study on the salaries of construction workers." (Emirates Update... Said Summer (July 9, 2008) , 'UAE steel prices soar 15% in July' Construction and Industry news, Arabian Business.com , Retrieved on August 9, 2008 http://www.arabianbusiness.com/524340-uae-steel-prices-soar-15-in-julyln=en

Read an article about a remedial action that Sony's management team Essay

Read an article about a remedial action that Sony's management team has taken following the PlayStation data breach and write - Essay Example The CIOs in many companies have to circumvent multiple layers of management to pass on information to the CEOs. Actually the companies can well use their CIOs for generating new product ideas and for grading the customer information, so as to decide which information needs to be deleted or saved for long term use. It was only in retrospect that Sony decided to create the post of Chief Information Security Officer. The truth is that many companies dependent on information for business, like the finance industry do unexceptionally always had the post of a CISO. This laxity on the part of Sony cost the company millions in terms of business and information. However, Sony is still continuing with its obsolete organizational framework, thereby depriving the CIO a ready and easy access to the CEO. In the contemporary economies information is not only the actual product, but it is a product that can be accessed, retrieved and transferred within a matter of seconds.

Academic Honesty Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Academic Honesty Paper - Essay Example As such, academic honesty is required, because truth begets honesty. Without honesty, an academic paper, even how superbly it is written, would be a trash unworthy of space in any academic journal. There are various ways in achieving academic honesty in a paper: (1) the use of truthful information, (2) acknowledgement of sources, and (3) the author of the academic paper. Of the three, the first two gets the utmost attention, perhaps because these are easier to evaluate, especially with the current technology that enables easy detection of plagiarism. The last one rarely becomes an issue, not unless the author of the academic paper cannot in his/her own capacity explain the paper (Walvoord & Anderson, 2010, p. 138). An academic paper should be founded on truthful information. This implies three academic actions. One, the author should verify the correctness of any data before these are used in the paper, because an assertion that is based on incorrect data is indefensible. It can be e asily disputed. It’s just like building a house on a shallow ground that a simple natural calamity could bring it down. In this case, the paper is a failure from the start. Two, manipulation or suiting data to the author’s predetermined assertion constitutes dishonesty, whether or not data used are correct. Why this is so lies on the fact that it violates the truthful process of academic investigation – Data are gathered, verified, sorted out, interpreted and analyzed. Three, data should not be concocted, because even a fiction paper needs truthful data to be convincing. How much more for an academic paper that is supposed to investigate reality in search of truth? Instead of truth, what can be found from concocted data are myths and imaginations, which are what academic papers meant to debunk. Therefore, academic honesty means honest investigation. It is only in going through this compelling process of honest investigation that one can be able to produce a genu ine academic paper. Perhaps one would ask; what has the process of investigation anything to do in making an academic paper truly academic? This question essentially hits the essence of academic honesty which is learning. Why in the first place are academic papers required? Precisely so, it is one of the ways of learning where one is compelled to integrate theory and practice; where one is trained of the discipline of scholarly study; where one is taught how to discover new knowledge or to better understand knowledge; and where one is developed of values scholars should possess, such as inquisitiveness, perseverance, integrity, fearlessness and accuracy. Thus an academic paper is not simply a paper. It essentially reflects one’s level of knowledge and also one’s character. In other words, anyone committing academic dishonesty could only be perceived as dishonest, irresponsible, and weak – characters which are unfitting for scholars. This is what justifies univer sities in sanctioning students found guilty of academic dishonesty, because the act violates the very essence of academic study. To make an analogy: a student committing dishonesty is just like a law enforcer violating the law he/she is supposed to enforce. One may argue that if the essence of going through the process of investigation is learning, then learning could be done in short cut, especially if one has gone through the same process for many times. Why not? One may take that risk. But doing so might also result to missed new insights, because as everyone knows, there are no exactly similar things. In other words, one may have experienced undergoing a thorough investigation, but every single experience, whether or not the

The Value of Human Life in the Poems To His coy Mistressby Andrew Essay

The Value of Human Life in the Poems To His coy Mistressby Andrew Marvel and Out, Out by Robert Frost - Essay Example Both poems show that human life has less value than the reader might wish to think, Marvell’s poem by showing that the woman only has value as long as she is beautiful and Frost’s because he shows that the death of the boy has little effect on the continuation of life. The poem â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† love poem written with the idea that the woman he desires is not letting him close enough to her. The narrator desires her and wants to have sex with her, but she is not letting him. He tells her all of the wonderful ways in which he sees her. Yet, the beauty that she has he know will fade and be lost to them, He wants to consummate their lust for one another before she has aged and no longer has the desires of her youth. His first lines provide his first argument as to why she should not be coy. He states â€Å"Had we but world enough, and time,/This coyness, lady, were no crime† suggesting that by being coy she is not committing a crime. In order to woe her, however, he discusses all the way that time would give him to praise her beauty and wait for her to give in to him. In the second verse, however, he shows that he does not have the time to praise her beauty the way that he would want to do it. ... thers both his devaluation of the woman and his argument why she should give into his lust by saying â€Å"Now therefore, while the youthful hue/ Sits on thy skin like morning dew,† describing her through references to the fresh dew of the morning. He his argument by saying â€Å"Thus, though we cannot make our sun/ Stand still, yet we will make him run†, showing that the sun will dry the dew from her beauty as well as using the sun to show the passage of time. Andrew Marvell tells in his poem that time will take away the value that the object of his desire holds. He shows that she is without any other value to him than that which her physical beauty gives. Frost shows a similar message in his poem, although he gives honor to the one who is the object of that poem. Frost sets up a story within his poem of a boy who has a terrible accident. He shows how quickly everything can turn from being normal towards a terrible event. The narrative is the story of a saw that cuts t he boy’s hand, his approximate age indicated by the lines â€Å"Then the boy saw all - /Since he was old enough to know, big boy/ Doing a man's work, though a child at heart –â€Å". In this poem, the individual is valued. The narrator of the poem shows sentiment towards the boy, his words â€Å"Call it a day, I wish they might have said/ To please the boy by giving him the half hour/ That a boy counts so much when saved from work† suggesting that he wanted him to have a good experience. Of course, what happens next is terrible and the narrator describes the event by personifying the saw. The say cuts the boys hand. By writing phrases like â€Å"The buzz saw snarled and rattled in the yard† which suggested that the buzz saw was an aggressive and alive thing, and through saying â€Å"As if it meant to prove saws

Understanding Various Dimensions of War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Understanding Various Dimensions of War - Essay Example Leaders who create tough realistic training conditions and ensure psychological protection, continue to fulfill the challenges of a key leader. Moreover, the responsibility also encircles maintaining unit cohesion and demonstrating the quality of humanness (Moseley, 2007). Furthermore, it is important for leaders to ensure appropriate grief counseling and grief work during tough times, as well as to ensure that leaders observe and identify critical warning signs of Soldiers who are in distress. Not to forget how important is communication, since it makes meaning of the risks and sacrifices which are made by the Soldiers while achieving the unit’s missions and objectives. It is important for leaders to realize and embrace the understanding of the moral, ethical and psychological dimensions of war. The training of applied ethics fosters the development of a unique combination of values, principles, knowledge, skills and abilities critical for decision making and effective leadership combat (Moseley, 2007). This training is mostly done through self-study. The critical factors that include everything that is done in war involve the moral, ethical and psychological dimensions of war. An even broader dimension of the psychological aspects of war lies beyond psychological health and psychological fitness, which transcends every performance of the leaders. Within the psychological characteristics of motivation are woven character, presence and intellect along with leads, develops and archives, in a leader. It is because of these psychological factors that become the X-factor under pressure and stress, and therefore this may become the determinant for either success or failure either individually or as a unit (Moseley, 2007). A key ingredient of bravery, valor and warrior ethos can be categorized as psychological fitness.

The Value of Human Life in the Poems To His coy Mistressby Andrew Essay

The Value of Human Life in the Poems To His coy Mistressby Andrew Marvel and Out, Out by Robert Frost - Essay Example Both poems show that human life has less value than the reader might wish to think, Marvell’s poem by showing that the woman only has value as long as she is beautiful and Frost’s because he shows that the death of the boy has little effect on the continuation of life. The poem â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† love poem written with the idea that the woman he desires is not letting him close enough to her. The narrator desires her and wants to have sex with her, but she is not letting him. He tells her all of the wonderful ways in which he sees her. Yet, the beauty that she has he know will fade and be lost to them, He wants to consummate their lust for one another before she has aged and no longer has the desires of her youth. His first lines provide his first argument as to why she should not be coy. He states â€Å"Had we but world enough, and time,/This coyness, lady, were no crime† suggesting that by being coy she is not committing a crime. In order to woe her, however, he discusses all the way that time would give him to praise her beauty and wait for her to give in to him. In the second verse, however, he shows that he does not have the time to praise her beauty the way that he would want to do it. ... thers both his devaluation of the woman and his argument why she should give into his lust by saying â€Å"Now therefore, while the youthful hue/ Sits on thy skin like morning dew,† describing her through references to the fresh dew of the morning. He his argument by saying â€Å"Thus, though we cannot make our sun/ Stand still, yet we will make him run†, showing that the sun will dry the dew from her beauty as well as using the sun to show the passage of time. Andrew Marvell tells in his poem that time will take away the value that the object of his desire holds. He shows that she is without any other value to him than that which her physical beauty gives. Frost shows a similar message in his poem, although he gives honor to the one who is the object of that poem. Frost sets up a story within his poem of a boy who has a terrible accident. He shows how quickly everything can turn from being normal towards a terrible event. The narrative is the story of a saw that cuts t he boy’s hand, his approximate age indicated by the lines â€Å"Then the boy saw all - /Since he was old enough to know, big boy/ Doing a man's work, though a child at heart –â€Å". In this poem, the individual is valued. The narrator of the poem shows sentiment towards the boy, his words â€Å"Call it a day, I wish they might have said/ To please the boy by giving him the half hour/ That a boy counts so much when saved from work† suggesting that he wanted him to have a good experience. Of course, what happens next is terrible and the narrator describes the event by personifying the saw. The say cuts the boys hand. By writing phrases like â€Å"The buzz saw snarled and rattled in the yard† which suggested that the buzz saw was an aggressive and alive thing, and through saying â€Å"As if it meant to prove saws

Marketing management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing management - Essay Example Effective segmenting, targeting and positioning are the key to successfully gaining customers by forming a good perception of the product in the mind of the customer. This report aims to develop appropriate segmentation and targeting strategies for â€Å"Natura† range of herbal beauty care products being launched by Janelle Inc., a US based company operating in the cosmetics and beauty care product industry. The report will also outline the positioning objective of the new product line and design a positioning strategy, which will aid the achievement of the set objectives. Lastly, the different marketing mix strategies which needs to be deployed as the product progress in the product life cycle will also be discussed along with an outline of key competitive strategies which the product will be using in competing in the long run. Janelle Inc. is a medium scale business operation incorporated in 1992, to cater to the US beauty care market. The company markets under two main brands – Janelle and Cleo, which is aimed at two different market segments. Janelle products are targeting the younger consumer base aged 18- 35 and mainly consisting of cosmetic items and few skin care products while the Cleo which is a more exclusive and upmarket product offered at the 35 + market segment, includes an extensive skin and hair care range along with cosmetics. In a recent market survey, the company realised that there is a substantial market interest in natural beauty care products, mainly in the 30+ age category. Based on this information, Janelle has decided to launch a new Herbal Beauty care product line. The company has formed an alliance with a reputed and well-established Herbal beauty care manufacturer in India, which manufactures for an exclusive cosmetic brand in the UK market. The new product line will be branded â€Å"Natura†

The Triangle Shirtwaist Company of 1911 Essay Example for Free

The Triangle Shirtwaist Company of 1911 Essay The fire that occurred at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company is one event that shaped and changed many things in American Labor Laws and Unions (Stolley). The inhumane condition of the working setting leads to the tragic accident which then serves as an eye opener for the authorities to reform laws and regulations that will provide safety for workers. Until this day it is a horrible scenario that leaves its marks to the mind of American people (Stein). Although the fire claimed the lives of 146 workers, most of which are young teenage girls, the incident in return provided the public and authorities information about the poor working condition experienced by factory personnel; in the triangle shirtwaist company case, workers worked long hours at minimal wages while being housed at cramped quarters (Pepe). It gave insights of the different problems that poses threats and risks the safety of the workers. As a result, reforms in regulations and laws are enacted and ratified that served the best interest of the workers (Jones). In addition, worker’s union became more vocal in airing their grievances. A call for change in the medium of operations became widespread phenomenon.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The call for change was made in response to avoid such incident from happening again. The tragic event could have been prevented and casualties could have been minimized if only appropriate sets of proper rules and regulations were implemented and observed by management at the site (Drehle). Failure in applying and observing these necessary precautions resulted to a more tragic incident. Witnesses and survivors from the fire accounted several factors that made the situation more difficult for workers to escape from the horrifying event. On top of the list they mentioned that contributes to the gravity of the situation was the design of the only door which was made available as escape route for workers at the time the fire happened. In an effort to prevent thief and burglar from entering and leaving factory premises, only a single door was made available for personnel use. Every other door was ordered by management to be locked for security purposes. Through this door workers are carefully inspected and checked for possible theft activity. The design of that door was for it to open by pushing or pulling it inward (Pepe). Thus, in order to open it an ample amount of space is needed inside the building. If the door opens by flipping and pushing it outward, authorities believed that death toll should have been less. The influx of the workers rushing out of the establishment prevented the door to be opened since there was not enough space for the door panel to take up. As a result a large number of workers are trapped inside the burning structure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The company’s lack of preparedness to such event unfolding was also a major reason for the numerous numbers of deaths which compost mostly of female immigrant workers. Reports that were recorded showed that in controlling the fire to prevent it from spreading only twenty-seven buckets were provided and even though fire hoses were provided at each floor, the water valve in which they are connected did not produce fire when turned on (Stolley).With the few buckets being utilized and fire hoses ineffective, fire spread at rapid rate. Workers begin to panic and then the situation has become chaotic. Soon, workers started to fill up the elevators which in turn would prove to be fatal, as some were killed in an instant, due to reasons of struggling and entangling, while others were killed as they were trapped inside it, in the end being eaten by the fire. Others proceeded to the fire escape, some had reached the ground but soon it collapsed. As an option of last resort workers also started climbing out of windows, frightened to be caught up by fire they jumped out of the building in a desperate effort to save their lives. One by one, they jumped, and not long before one after another bodies started to line up the streets and death rate was increasing at an alarming rate. Those who were there that bear witness to the bodies falling one after another and eventually reaching its end, could only watch in horror.   It was evident that the company failed to embed to its workers the importance of emergency drills that could have made evacuation of personnel more orderly. If a calm and proper evacuation process was introduced to the workers, then maybe the outcome of the incident could be different. It is because of these drills that they should have been equipped with the proper knowledge and familiar with the things they should have done and things which they did not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The fire department that aids the burning factory was also at fault. Necessary equipments that could have provided the much needed assistance and save the lives of the workers were either defective or missing. The ladder provided by firemen which were first to arrive to the fire scene could only reach the seventh floor (Stein). However, workers were trapped in the ninth floor. In the ground fire blankets and safety nets were provide that would assure the safety of people falling from high places. However, at the weight of the jumping workers blankets and nets started to rip off. Firemen and authorities who were assigned to catch leaping victims, found the job very difficult due to the large number of persons needing assistance. With the sound of falling bodies touching the ground, death toll increases. The sound was so earthshaking that those who witness the disturbing scenario coined a term for it, the â€Å"death thud†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although all fingers are pointing and evidences showed that it was Triangle Waist Shirt management’s negligence that resulted to tragic accident, they were not found guilty. The acquitted the management from the case that was filed against them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Triangle Waist Shirt fire of 1911 was a dark patch in American History. However, the events that transpired the day after the fire happened were more important. Because of the tragedy, government officials became aware of the awful condition factory workers are exposed to. Laws that would support their cause and try to improve the working conditions were passed. Different government agencies are in the forefront of pushing reforms for factory operations, procedures and guidelines that have and will greatly provide benefits to the working class. Insurances such as health are also given to every personnel. The public today has become vigilant of the condition of the workers and the kind of work given to them. The fire also initiated the creation of new building, fire and safety codes in New York then other cities followed. Stiff penalties and punishments await those who failed to comply Work’s Cited Page Drehle, David von. Triangle: The Fire That Changed America  Ã‚   Atlantic Monthly Press, 2004. Jones, Gerard. Men of Tomorrow. New York: Basic Books, 2005. Pepe, Pauline Cuoio. Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire.Eyewitness to America. New York: Pantheon, 1997. Stein, Leon. The Triangle Fire. New York: A Carroll Graf, 2001. Stolley, Richard. Events That Shaped the Century. Virginia: Time-Life, 1998.

Pollen and Stigma Interaction in Plants

Pollen and Stigma Interaction in Plants Introduction Cells of multicellular organisms must communicate not only for development to occur after fertilization but also for successful survival and reproduction of the offspring. There are different forms of signals that cells can received and the signal being received is either from another cell or from change in the environment surrounding the cell. Communication between cells is therefore either chemical or environmental driven where plants usually use chemicals for signaling. Pollination and then fertilization process of flowering plants involves complex events with highly regulated cell-cell interactions and signaling between the pollen and the pistil. The success depends on series of events such as delivery of pollen to a stigma, pollen hydration, germination, growth through the pistil to the ovary, and, finally, fertilization [10, 11]. In a compatible pollination, pollen grains that have arrived on the stigmatic surface will easily undergo the three initial steps: adhesion, hydration and germination to the stigmatic cells form pollen tubes. The actively growing pollen tubes are often capable of penetrating the stigmatic cell walls to grow down through the style and finally reach the ovary to deliver sperm for fertilization. In self-incompatible pollination, these steps may be blocked having recognized as pollen from related plant source. In doing so out-crossing is favored between unrelated individual plants there by inbreeding related problems like in breeding depression minimized. Therefore, understanding of pollen to stigma compatibility and self incompatibility is fundamental for pollination and fertilization in plants in general and for plant breeding in particular. To this end, the mechanism of pollen to stigma interaction which determines compatibility or self incompatibility is reviewed. Compatibility and Self incompatibility The first artificial pollination date back to third century though not recognized by scientists until 1682 when stamens of the flower as the male organ and the pollen as necessary for fruit production are known in science [9]. Later in 1824, an Italian scientist observed that pollen tube on stigma and he later anticipated that the pollen tube carried the sperm cells to the ovule for fertilization. After 17th century, the maternal involvement in embryology became clear and several basic researches have been undergoing in the last three decades which contributed a lot to science in the area of pollination and fertilization. Commonly, pollen and stigma from distant species are not compatible while there is 30 to 50 % of flowering plant showed self incompatibility [19]. In a compatible pollen-pistil interaction, all steps from pollen capture and adhesion to the final entry of the pollen tube into the ovule and discharge of the pollen grain is complete, resulting in double fertilization to form zygote and endosperm. Self incompatibility occurs when pollen tube dies if at all germinates on stigma of the same plant while pollen of the same species from different plant can germinate and produce functional pollen tube on stigma [2]. The self pollen rejection response can occur at any stage between pollen contact to stigma and pollen tube growth in the stigma which results no ovule fertilization and embryo development. This phenomenon enabled todays flowering plant to exist successfully in different environment. Genetically, such self incompatibility is classified as gametophytic and sporophytic [7, 10, 11]. Gametophytic self incompatibility is common in binucleate pollen which is characteristics of wet stigma whereas sporophytic self incompatibility is the case of trinucleat pollen and it is characteristics of dry stigma [1]. Nonetheless, examples of exceptions for this correlation are grasses with dry stigma and three nuclei exhibiting gametophytic; hetromorphic self incompatibility in some species which is rare in occurrence arises due to two or three flower morphs exist in population. Among these three, gametophytic is more common although detail study at molecular level is yet to be made. It is agreed that the stigma type and micro-ecology are influential to the nature of stigma-pollen interaction rather than the type of self incompatibility [6]. It is also reported that gametophytic self incompatibility occur when incompatible pollen tube is in side of style whereas sporophytic occur m ost of the time before a pollen tube penetrate the stigma [6]. Again exception is due to poppy and grasses in which gametophytic and stigmatic inhibition of incompatible pollen occur. Stigma structure Stigma in general is classified as dry and wet type which is correlated with pollen structure. Species with dry stigma possess pollen having three nuclei while those with wet stigma are with two nuclei pollen [6]. The surface cell of wet type releases secretion with proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and pigment while the dry stigma type is with intact surface cells covered by cell wall, a waxy cuticle, and a proteinaceous pellicle [3]. The secretion is primarily lipidic or aqueous and carbohydrate-rich. Both secretions contain a wide range of protein and found to be available on stigma in later development internal from the reservoirs and vesicular activity at the stigma epidermis. In dry stigma where there is no stigmatic secretion, initial adhesion of pollen to stigma depends on the pollen wall. Tryphine, lipid-rich pollen coating, is found to be important in adhesion to the dry stigma. Stigma-pollen specificity The fate of pollen grain on stigma depends on the type of stigma (wet or dry) on which pollen lands. The very first step of pollination, adhesion of pollen on stigma, occurs on wet stigma fully with out discrimination because the availability of liquid surface is the only requirement. The surface of such stigma is with carbohydrate and lipid rich secretions that hydrate pollen none selectively as a result of this, the incompatible pollen is prevented at later stage of development. However, adhesion of pollen to dry surface stigma type is species specific in the way that only pollen from specific species is allowed to adhere and get hydration. Pollen type unrecognized by stigma is not allowed to deplete the female tissue resource for further development. Self incompatible specificity determinants were identified both in pollen and stigma. To pollen side, the gene called SP11/SCR (S-LOCUS CYSTEINE-RICH) is responsible for specificity which is completely expressed during pollen developm ent and understood to encode cysteine-rich protein. The stigmatic s-locus linked molecule which is self incompatible determinant is called S-locus receptor Kinase (SRK) [18]. This female determinant of self incompatible is located in plasma membrane. Another determinant which does not directly affects specificity is S-locus glycoprotein. This soluble protein located in the cell wall only contributes to increase the strength of self incompatibility phenotype. This first step of pollination is divided in to Pollen capture, pollen stigma cross linking and pollen hydration. Pollen capture requires nothing than exine wall and it is free from lipids and proteins [21]. In the cross linking phase lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins from each side (stigma and pollen) mix to generate the adhesive forces. In the pollen hydration stage pollen receive the nutrients and liquid required to activate metabolism and initiate pollen tube elongation. In contrast to flowers with wet stigma where pollen grains are surrounded by stigmatic exudates flowing easily into pollen grains, fluid movement in dry stigma is not passive and usually depends on the conversion of pollen coat at the point of stigma contact. Hence, for successful pollen capture, diffusion of extracellular pollen coat along the stigma cells and then pollen hydration, pollen-stigma signaling is required. Pollen-stigma signaling Communication of plant cells are either molecules or physical (environmental) that one cell sensing on the neighboring cell may affected in different ways such as inhibiting the cells growth. There are different classes of molecules that are involved in signaling. These molecules are located either in the extracellular surface or within the underlying cell walls. The signal molecules can be ions or metabolites one cell supplies for another; can be hormones or they can be cell wall bound macromolecules. The source of these molecules is both from stigma and pollen grain. Pollen grains consists the inner layer cell wall called intine and the outer network cell wall called exine. The inner pollen cell wall is mainly cellulose while the outer pollen cell wall is rich in sporopollenin, a highly stable, mixed polymer containing long-chain fatty acids and phenolics [21]. Factors affecting adhesion of pollen to stigma is not known; however it was indicated that adhesion in Arabidopsis is exine dependant more than pollen coat [14, 15, 20]. Lipids, as medium of water up take in pollen hydration, is provided by the stigma and pollen coat. In some species where stigma exudate is mainly aqueous, the significance of lipids for pollen-stigma interaction is not determined but lipids are present in the pollen kit which still indicates the importance of lipids. In addition to lipid, glycine rich protein from pollen coat plays role in pollen hydration. Next to hydration is germination in which the pollen tube grows into the cell wall of the papillae toward the transmitting tissue. Germination is mainly regulated by Rop, a member of GTPase large family of hydrolase enzymes that can bind and hydrolyze guanosine triphosphate [10]. Research finding in Arabidopsis indicated that Rop1 over expression in wild type helps in pollen germination while rop1 mutant inhibits pollen germination [8]. Germination on the stigma means pollen tubes initiated in an Extra Cellular matrix (ECM) that is usually a combination of both pollen coat secretions and stigmatic exudates. In stigma type of Solanaceae, stigmatic lipids are found to be essential for pollen tube growth toward the style by creating a gradient of water. In other stigma type like that of lily, pollen tubes must be guided in the style. It was indicated that peptide stigmatic secretion of lily is involved in pollen tube guidance in the style [10]. Fertilization next to pollination is achieved after the tight control mechanisms operation that restricts mating of inter and intra species. As described above, fertilization in flowering plants needs to be in a well cellular coordination so that the sperm cells which are devoid of flagella go through flower tissues towards the ovules. The internal signaling networks regulating pollen tube growth and development in flowering plants is highly conserved. However, no pollen-stigma signaling pathway reported so far that is common between species with wet and dry stigmas. Even with in these two broad divisions, there appeared to be differences in the ways that pollen and stigma interact to create compatibility. However, regardless of the type of stigma, pollen-stigma interactions in general requires lipid at the pollen-stigma interface, water as initial directional cue for pollen tube growth , and small cysteine-rich proteins are involved. Molecular basis of self incompatibility As described above self incompatibility is the means of preventing inbreeding and a tool for species diversity. Self-incompatibility is genetically controlled which depends on a number of complex cellular interactions between the self-incompatible pollen and stigma. The way Self-incompatibility works in rejecting self incompatible pollen varies greatly from species to species. The self-incompatibility system in some plants is morphological in which flowering plants produce distinct flowers in such a way that the positions of the reproductive organs within a flower create an extra barrier in addition to the existing barrier within species [2]. In some species, the system is caused by the phenotype of the pollen not morphological character of the flower. The self incompatibility in flowers of the same morphological character is genetically controlled by S-locus and as mentioned earlier, classified as gametophytic and sporophytic. In the gametophytic systems, the self-incompatibility phenotype of the pollen is determined by is determined by its own haploid genotype where the developing pollen synthesizes its own pollen S product, whereas in sporophytic self-incompatibility systems, the self-incompatible behavior of the pollen is determined by the parental genotype. Brassicaceae from mustard family is an example of Sporophytic type of self incompatibility. The important gene product called serinethreonine kinase (SRK) interact with peptid ligand cysteine-rich protein (SCR) which creates signals that lead to rejection of self pollen [10]. Molecular mechanisms are unknown but it was indicated that ARC1, a novel U-box protein that binds to the SRK kinase domain, found to be effector for SRK [16, 17]. It was indicated that a component of hetro-oligomeric protien complex, Exo70A1, interacts with ARC1 which determines the fate of pollen up on arrival on stigma. In transgenic Brassica and Arabidopsis thaliana, the loss of Exo70A1 resulted rejection of pollen by stigma which were compatible in non transgenic [13]. Gametophytic self incompatibility is widespread system of self incompatibility. The system in Papaveraceae (poppy family) is and the Solanaceae (tobacco family) are examples of gametophytic self incompatibility. In poppy, small S-proteins secr eted by the stigma interact with the S-gene product in the pollen tube, causing the capture of incompatible pollen. Growing pollen tubes are known to have high concentration of Ca+2. This concentration is rapidly decreased in self incompatible pollen indicating the origin the first arrest of pollen tube [4]. The self incompatibility in Solanaceae is that the protein from S-gene is ribonucleases inhibitor that recognizes and inhibits S- ribonucleases in incompatible pollen. Conclusion For successful pollination and fertilization, pollen grain should travels all the way to ovule in which pistil acts as both facilitator and barrier. It facilitates by providing guidance and nutrients but it also creates barrier that rejects incompatible pollen. This biological function is highly regulated involving several gene products. Flowering plants are the most successful on earth in terms of the number of species and level of diversity of forms and ecological niches. Due to the fact that compatibility and self incompatibility system is the base for genetic variability and species boundary maintenance, studies in advanced level need to be continued. Studies at molecular level that address determinants of pollination and fertilization will contributor in understanding the basis of species barriers that maintain the enormous diversity seen in flowering plants.

Vertical Analysis of PepsiCo and Coca Cola Essay example -- Business A

All companies use financial documents to record and journalize their business transactions. These financial documents are not only used internally by company executives, but the financial documents are also used by outside sources to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of a company. The purpose of this paper is to provide financial analysis of PepsiCo and Coca Cola, provide examples that explain which company is more financially sound, and to provide recommendations on how to improve each company financially. The first item that I will discuss is a vertical analysis of both companies. Vertical analysis is used to evaluate data and express the items of a financial statement as a percentage of a base amount listed. For the vertical analysis of PepsiCo and Coca Cola I looked at both the balance sheet and the income statements. The valuations that I took into consideration for this vertical analysis were the cost of goods sold as a percentage of net sales, net income as a percentage of net sales, current assets compared to total assets and the percentage change year to year, and the current liabilities compared to total liabilities and the percentage change from year to year. The cost of goods sold percentage shows how much is actually costs to produce and sell the items that a make company money. The net income as a percentage of sales shows how much money from the sale of an item is actually considered income that the company makes. The current assets compared to total assets shows how much of the assets a company has are actually available at a given time. Th e current liabilities compared to total liabilities shows how much of a company’s liability lays in a current status for the year. PepsiCo 2004 2005 Percentage C... ...it would add capital to the reserves and they would in turn be able to expand. With Coca Cola I would recommend increasing their assets. One way to increase their assets would be to decrease their payout ratio, in my opinion these two items go hand in hand. With an increase in assets the company would be able to expand and ultimately increase their profits as well. In conclusion, all companies use financial documents to record and journalize their business transactions. These financial documents are not only used internally by company executives, but the financial documents are also used by outside sources to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of a company. The ability to read and understand financial statements and to perform a financial analysis is a great skill for all business professional, whether they are investors, creditors, or company executives.

Impact of the Collision of the Old and New World on Europeans, Africans, and the Indians Essay

The collision of the New and Old World impacted the Europeans, Africans, and Indigenous people immensely. When the two worlds were introduced to each other they set up trade routes, such as the Columbian Exchange. Although it was new for all three of them, they adjusted well to the changes over time. The introduction of the new foods, animals, diseases, religious matters, etc. made all three groups forced to accommodate. In 1492, Africans along with the Europeans and the Indians, created the Columbian Exchange after Christopher Columbus discovered them. The Africans didn’t have a choice on whether they wanted to come to the New World or not, they were shipped here on tiny boats and due to the death of the Indians the Europeans forced them to do the hard labor without any pay. They worked in farms and/or plantations for their â€Å"masters† who provided them with limited or no rights and they lived in horrible conditions. In return, the Africans received different varieties of crops, for example, potatoes, corn, beans, tomatoes, and many other crops. Europeans also tried to convert both Africans and Indians to Christianity and succeeded. In 1519, Hernan Cortez, plus one hundred men, landed on the island of Cozumel. The men who landed had been enslaved for many years by the Mayans, but finally away. As the Indians settled, they were introduced to a new way of life, soon becoming a â€Å"wide-range hunting society† in which they roamed the open land for buffalo. The Indians had to adjust to slave work as the Europeans had them work in the sugar mills and cane fields. The Europeans brought along a variety of diseases, which soon killed a large group of the Indians, the population started at 1 million and ended at 200. This caused the Indians into taking revenge against the Europeans. They did so by injecting the first sexually transmitted diseases such as syphillis into Europe. Revenge was the only feasible option for the natives because how cruel the Europeans were to them. After the invasion of Hernan Cortes in 1519 and Pizarro in 1533, the Europeans forced the Indians to give them their land and crops. The Europeans used the lands for agriculture and as sources of precious metals, and were able to successfully plant sugar and tobacco plantations. With such great demand for these crops back in Europe there was a necessity for large amounts of labor. Being that most of the indigenous population was either familiar with the land and could easily run away or was wiped out by disease, they couldn’t enslave them. To fill the void left by the indigenous people, the Europeans decided to enslave millions of Africans instead. The Africans weren’t likely to run away because of the unfamiliarity of the land and they wouldn’t know how to feed themselves. In 1545, Hernando de Soto, Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, and Alvar Nunes Cabeza de Vaca foun d silver in Potosoi. The Spanish wealth and power was based on the New World’s gold and silver mines, all the gold and silver made the Spanish in power for about 100 years. The creation of the New World and the Columbian Exchange impacted three ethnicities: the Europeans, the indigenous, and the Africans. Despite the few minor setbacks the Europeans had to go through, such as the â€Å"starving time† and the spread of syphillis, the Europeans were impacted in a very positive way. They were able to find gold and silver and plant many crops, and as a result were able to create the 13 colonies. But the indigenous people did not benefit, most died from disease brought by the Europeans or were tortured and killed. Out of all three groups the Africans had the most negative impact, thousands were forced to work and they were left with no rights. The troubles from the New World still impact America to this day: Africans weren’t granted their rights back until many years later and unfortunately there is still racism, the few indigenous people left live in reservations, and because of the Europeans we have America.

A Young Lady With Feet Swelling Health And Social Care Essay

A 29-year-old Indonesian domestic assistant, Ms MH, was admitted to medical section, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, complaining of bilateral pess and mortise joints swelling and bubbling piss for 1 hebdomad. There was no hematuria, dysuria, urinary frequence, urgency, febrility, joint hurting, tegument roseolas, sore pharynx, recent upper respiratory piece of land symptoms or GI symptoms. She denied taking any herbs or nonprescription medicines. Her past medical history and household history were everyday. She was a non-smoker, and denied history of unprotected sex. She recalled that her first twenty-four hours of last catamenial period was approximately 2 hebdomads before the admittance. On scrutiny, she was afebrile, with bosom rate 103 beats per minute and blood force per unit area 144/71mmHg. She had periorbital hydrops, facial swelling and opposing hydrops of 4 limbs. There was no lividness. Her fundoscopic scrutiny was normal. Jugular venous force per unit area was elevated. On ausc ultation, her thorax was clear, her bosom beat was regular with a non-displaced cardiac vertex, and there was no bosom mutter. Abdominal scrutiny did non uncover any abdominal mass or bruit. She did non hold any skin roseolas or joint puffiness. Dipstick uranalysis showed 3+blood, 2+protein, and negative for glucose. Urine gestation trial was negative. Her blood trial showed normochromic, normocystic anemia ( haemoglobin degree 10.5g/dL ) and deranged nephritic map trial ( serum creatinine: 168i? ­mol/L ) . Her white cell count was 10.4 ten 10^9/L, the albumin degree was 24g/L and the liver map trial was normal. Her serum entire cholesterin degree was 5.2mmol/L, low denseness lipoprotein degree was 3.7mmol/L and fasting plasma glucose was 4.5mmol/L. The everyday microscopy of piss was positive for ruddy blood cell, ruddy cell dramatis personae, and was negative for white blood cell. The urine sum protein was 1.13g/day and the creatinine clearance was 10 mL/min. Mid-stream piss for civilization was negative. The clinical image was compatible with nephritic syndrome or quickly progressive glomerulonephritis ( RPGN ) , and anemia. Further probes showed that serum anti-nuclear antibodies ( ANA ) , antineutrophil cytoplasmatic antibodies ( ANCA ) , anti-streptolysin O ( ASO ) antibody, and anti-glomerular cellar membrane ( anti-GBM ) antibody titres were undetectable. Serum C3 and C4 complement degrees were normal. Hepatitis B surface antigen, anti-hepatitis C virus antibody, serum cryoglobulin and blood civilization were negative. Ultrasound scan of nephritic system revealed normal-sized kidneys with increased echogenicity, which was suggestive of nephritic parenchymal disease. Nephritic biopsy confirmed Immunoglobulin ( Ig ) A nephropathy. The reticulocyte count was normal, peripheral vilification showed mild poikilocytosis, and serum Fe profile was non implicative of Fe lack. Faecal supernatural blood trials were negative in all of the 3 stool specimens. Serum and urine paraprotein were n egative, and bone marrow scrutiny showed active marrow. Ms. MH was given low dose frusemide for diagnostic alleviation of peripheral hydrops, and was given angiotensin change overing enzyme inhibitor ( ACEI ) for control of blood force per unit area. She was assessed by nephrologist and was suggested to go on these medicines, and to mention to renal clinic for consideration of steroid therapy when serum creatinine is on increasing tendency or when albuminuria progresses to nephrotic scope. She tolerated the medicines and was on a regular basis followed up in the medical out-patient clinic. Discussion ** ( entire words for instance history and treatment must be 1000-2000 ) : Ms MH, a healthy 29-year-old lady, presented with 1 hebdomad history of dependent hydrops, high blood pressure, microscopic hematuria, and a low grade of albuminuria ( urine sum protein: 1.13g/day ) . Urine microscopy revealed white blood cell, ruddy blood cell and ruddy cell dramatis personae. This clinical image is compatible with glomerulonephritis, which can be loosely classified into renal-limited primary glomerulonephritis or secondary glomerulonephritis perplexing systemic disease. Further blood trial for serologic markers of glomerulonephritis, viz. ANA, ANCA, anti-GBM antibody, ASO titres, hepatitis serology, blood civilizations and cryoglobulin titres were undetectable, therefore excepting secondary glomerulonephritis. Nephritic biopsy remains the gilded criterion for unequivocal diagnosing of glomerulonephritis. The biopsy specimen can be examined under the light microscopy in order to find the primary histopathological hurt to the uriniferous tubule. Under light microscopy, immunofluorescence survey is able to place three major forms of deposition of Ig, viz. farinaceous, additive and dearth of immunofluorescence staining. Farinaceous deposition of Ig is a trademark of immune complex glomerulonephritis. Linear deposition of Ig along the glomerular cellar membrane is characteristic of anti-GBM disease. Dearth of Ig and positive circulating ANCA represent glomerulonephritis caused by ANCA-related vasculitis. ( 1 ) Ms MH was eventually diagnosed to hold IgA kidney disease, which is the commonest cause of primary glomerulonephritis throughout the universe. ( 2 ) Typical oncoming of the disease is in the 2nd and 3rd decennaries of life, as manifested by our instance. Majority of patients are diagnosed during an rating for symptomless microscopic hematuria or mild albuminurias. Macroscopic, and frequently perennial, hematuria that occurs shortly after an upper respiratory tract infection is a authoritative but less common presentation. Patient with IgA kidney disease may besides presented with nephrotic-range albuminurias, RPGN or, seldom, malignant high blood pressure. ( 3,4 ) As demonstrated by our instance, the complement degree is typically normal in IgA nephropathy. Light-microscopically, IgA nephropathy can change from mild mesangial proliferation and enlargement to spread proliferation with glomerular crescents. Immunofluorescence staining typically showed farinaceous deposition of Ig, decl arative mood of immune complex glomerulonephritis. ( 1 ) Ms MH was put on ACEI for blood force per unit area control. There are groundss that patterned advance of IgA kidney disease may be slowed by ACEI and angiotonin II receptor blockers ( ARB ) . ( 5,6 ) The drugs act by cut downing the intra-glomerular force per unit area and by straight bettering the size-selective belongingss of the glomerular capillary wall, lending to their anti-hypertensive and anti-proteinuric consequence. ( 1 ) In a randomized controlled test, 44 patients with biopsy-proven IgA kidney disease, proteinuria more than or equal to 0.5 gram/d, and serum creatinine less that or equal to 1.5 mg/dL ( 133 umol/L ) were indiscriminately assigned either to have Vasotec or to a control group in whom blood force per unit area was controlled with anti-hypertensives other than ACEI or ARB. At followup of about seven old ages, nephritic endurance, defined as lupus erythematosus that a 50 per centum addition in the serum creatinine concentration, was significantly more likely in the Vasotec group than in the control group: 92 % versus 55 % ( p & A ; lt ; 0.05 ) . There was a important lessening in albuminuria in the Vasotec group, whereas an addition in albuminuria was observed in the control group ( P & A ; lt ; 0.001 between groups ) . Control of blood force per unit area was similar in the two groups. In decision, ACEI significantly improves nephritic endurance in proteinuric IgA kidney disease with norm al or reasonably impaired nephritic map. ( 5 ) High blood pressure, albuminuria of more than 1 gram per twenty-four hours, impaired nephritic map at the clip of diagnosing, relentless microscopic hematuria, and high glomerular histopathological tonss stand out as consistent and strong forecasters of hapless nephritic endurance harmonizing to literatures and cohort surveies from around the universe. ( 3,7,8 ) Ms MH demonstrates the first three hapless predictive factors of the above list and therefore she is expected to be at hazard of holding progressive disease in following few old ages. IgA kidney disease is a global disease and the cause of end-stage nephritic failure in 15-20 per centum of patients within 10 old ages and in 30 to 40 per centum of persons within 20 old ages from evident oncoming of disease. Harmonizing to Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews in the 3rd one-fourth of 2009, the optimum direction of IgA nephropathy remains unsure. Consequences from small-scaled randomised controlled tests favoured the usage of immunosuppressive intercessions, with the most promising agent being steroids, which were associated with a lower hazard of patterned advance to end-stage nephritic failure ( comparative hazard [ RR ] 0.44, 95 % assurance interval [ CI ] 0.25 to 0.8 ) and lower urinary protein elimination ( leaden mean difference [ WMD ] -0.49 g/day, 95 % CI -0.72 to -0.120 ) . Urinary protein elimination was lower for patients treated with alkylating agents or cyclosporin compared to placebo or no intervention. Further survey is necessary to determine which pa tients would profit from these intercessions. ( 9 ) Tables and figures ( non more than 2 ) : Reference ( non more than 10 ) : ** Brady HR, O'Meara YM, Brenner BM. Glomerular diseases. In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, et Al, explosive detection systems. Harrison ‘s rules of internal medical specialty, 16th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005:1674-94. Julian BA, Waldo FB, Rifai A, Mestecky J. IgA kidney disease, the most common glomerulonephritis worldwide. A ignored disease in the United States? Am J Med, 1988 ; 84:129-132. Donadio JV, Grande JP. IgA nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2002 ; 347:738-48. Li PKT, Lai KN. IgA nephropathy in Hong Kong. Journal of the Hong Kong Medial Association, 1989 ; 1:93-5. Praga M, Gutierrez E, Gonzalez E, Morales E. Treatment of IgA nephropathy with ACE inhibitors: A randomized and controlled test. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2003 ; 14:1578-83. Li PK, Leung CB, Chow KM, Cheng YL, Fung SK, Mak SK, Tang AW, Wong TY, Yung CY, Yung JC, Yu AW, Szeto CC ; HKVIN Study Group. Hong Kong survey utilizing Diovans in IgA nephropathy ( HKVIN ) : a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled survey. Am J Kidney Dis, 2006 ; 47:751-60. Li J, Zhang H, Zhou Y, Li G, Zou W, Wang H. Natural history of Ig A kidney disease and prognostic factors of forecast: a long-run follow up of 204 instances in China. Nephrology, 2008 ; 13:242-6. Chacko B, John GT, Neelakantan N, Korula A, Balakrishnan N, Kirubakaran MG, Jacob CK. Presentation, forecast and result of IgA kidney disease in Indian grownups. Nephrology, 2005 ; 10:496-503 Barkat R, Molony DA, Samuels JA. Immunosuppressive agents for handling IgA kidney disease. Cochrane Database of systematic Reviews. 3rd One-fourth, 2009No of words ( excepting mentions ) : ____1260 _____**The instance study will be REJECTED if the campaigners fail to adhere to the above format.DeclarationI do solemnly and unfeignedly declare that the instance study submitted represents my ain work. I have been in clinical contact with the instance selected. The instance study has non been submitted to any assessment board or publication and it is NOT related to my 2nd forte ( Internet Explorers ) , if any. My consent is herewith given to the College to maintain a transcript of my instance study, in written and/or electronic, at the College Secretariat and let the populace to hold free entree to the work for mention.______________________( Signed by _______________ )

Economic Problem of Pakistan Essay

In this way thinking is the base of our voluntary behavior. Characteristics Of Thinking:- * Problem:- There is a certain problem, which has no readymade solution underlying each and every thinking process. * Associations:- Thinking has a chain of associative thoughts and ideas which help to solve the problem. * Analysis And Synthesis:- Analysis and synthesis are both used in thinking. Every aspect of problem is formerly analyzed separately and latterly all of these aspects are synthesized to examine the relationship between stimuli and responses. * Presence Of Stimuli:- Thinking does not need the presence of stimuli or objects to be sensed. * Physical Condition:- The physical condition is at rest during thinking . However, slight movement in the muscles, fingers, hands, arms, shoulders, eyebrows, lips and larynx are noticed in thinking. * Words And Language:- Verbal symbols are used in thinking in a sub vocal activity. An individual talks to himself in a low tone * Source Of Knowledge:- Thinking is a source of knowledge and is a higher mental process in human beings. Animal also have thinking but lesser then human beings. Animal thinking is purposive in nature and is expressed in the primary stage. Human thinking is more progressive and higher then animals as his life is more complex. Types Of Thinking There are two types of thinking * Autistic or crooked thinking * Realistic or straight thinking * Autistic Thinking:- This type of thinking is of free associative ideas in which an individual remains busy in wishful thinking and satisfies his unconscious desires, unsolved problems and conflicts. It occur when an individual fails to satisfy his desires, fails io achieve his goals and aims of life. Types Of Autistic Thinking It can be further divided into two types * Fantasy or day dreaming * Dreams Realistic or Straight Thinking:- Realistic thinking is a process which helps in problem solving in the real environment with the use of practical neurophysiologic process of overt behavior in productive and reproductive thinking. Types Of Realistic Thinking It can be further divided into three types * Problem solving * Reasoning * Creative thinking 1-Problem Solving Definition Of Problem:- A situation when a person finds any obstacles on the way to goal achievements in a new and strange situation and he does not have any readymade information or knowledge to cope with the situation Solution of problem:- According to Jackson and Hyson â€Å"Problem solving is the scientific practical statement of neurophysiologic process instead of theoretical statement of the internal thinking process and learning. † Problem solving cycle:- In short problem solving is a process which occurs in the presence of problem arising situation. Types Of Problem:- Problem are categorized in three ways * Arrangement problems Arrangement problem require the problem solver to rearrange or recombine the elements in a way that will satisfy a certain criterion Example Scrabbles in which we arrange different letters to make words * Inducing structure Inducing structure requires a solver to identify the existing relationship among the elements presented and then construct a new relationship among them. * Transformation problems Problem gives you only the start and end state and the procedure or method to be followed Example The problem of tower of Hanoi, in which 52 rings are to placed using the 3 pegs only with the condition that you cannot place a bigger ring on the smaller one Such problem are solved by the * Knowledge * Trial and error method presented by Thorndike * Insight method presented by Koehler Thorndike’s experiment In 1898, Thorndike constructed problem boxes made of iron bars for many experiment. He used to imprison the hungry cats in these boxes and kept their food a piece of meat outside. The cats could see their food through these problems boxes or the cages. Food worked as an incentive or positive reinforcement for the cat to come out and get foods. The problem was how to open the door? These doors could be opened by pulling the cord or pressing the lever or by moving clutch Conclusion Of Thorndike Experiment He observed that the cats sometimes hit their teeth or paw or the nose on the bars and used different method. Accidently they succeeded to open the door He conclude that the animal not only learn by trial and error but also can retain their learning by the method of association of thoughts between past and present experiences. This is bases on productive thinking INSIGHT METHOD Experiment In 1925 a gestalt psychologist Kohler said that Trial and error is not sufficient in problem solving. Insight is also necessary for the problem solving Kohler conducted experiment on monkeys to see how the monkeys solved their problems of getting bananas hanged so high in the center of ceiling. In one experiment he kept boxes in a corner and in the other experiment he kept small sticks. Conclusion He observed the monkeys in first experiment tried to get bananas by jumping high. In other experiment Kohler observed that the monkeys made use of the stick. It inserted punted end of one stick into other sticks. Afterward in 1926 he modified the process of insight is not a sudden act it recurs in the light of past experiences along with the perceptual organization. This was based on reproductive thinking Conclusion Of Both Experiments Researches show that some problems are solved by trials and error, and some other are solved by insight. Herbert birch in 1945 gave stick to the four year old monkeys in a cage, and placed their food outside. Only one monkey used this stick as a tool to get its food, this monkey has already used this stick. The other monkeys were given three days to play with sticks. These monkeys attained the experience of looking into the sticks, peeping through the holes, pressing and touching things beyond approach. Then on the fourth day they were able to solve their problems with the sticks. The solution of a problem attained by insight is not purely new but it is the consequence of the learning of past experiences. Factors influencing the problem solving Following are the factors which influence the problem solving * Intensity of the motivation It is the general view that the stronger motive provokers more struggle to solve the problem. Weaker motive creates distraction, stronger motive creates functional fixedness and medium motive is the best for problem solving as it encourage new responses. * Functional fixedness Functional fixedness is an inability to see the new use for a familiar tool. So a response set hinders the problem solving. * Response Set Response set is a constant tendency to respond to a situation in a certain manner, according to gestalt principle of perceptual organization wholeness, collectiveness and relativeness become the habit family hierarchy which cause hindrance in changing the response set and a rigidity causes difficulty in problem solving * Past Experience Past experience is facilitating in problem solving of the similar situational problem but is a hindrance in the new situation * Personal Context Every individual is influenced by his personal values, faith and creed and does not want to change his response set beyond it. Mental Set Mental se is to prepare mentally to do certain things in certain order. Mental set may be facilitating in problems solving for the desired situation. * Frustration and stress Too much stress and frustration cased by failure in the most difficult problem decrease the problem solving efficiency. * Social background An individual seldom has his individual problem as he does no t live alone. He is an integral part of the society and he has to interact within the society, so his problems are social problems as a consequence of social interactions. 2-Reasoning Definition According to Philip G. Zimbardo Reasoning is a purposive thinking which collects information or data about the problem and to work on it in a traditional or a new way. Types Of Reasoning There are three types of reasoning * Deductive reasoning * Inductive reasoning * Evaluative reasoning Deductive Reasoning Deductive reasoning proceeds on the basis of past knowledge. It draws conclusion from general bits of knowledge to specific presents. It follows the rules of Aristotelian logic. Inductive Reasoning Inductive reasoning is the essence of creative thinking both in science and arts. It leads from specific present to the more general conclusion. In this type of reasoning the thinkers build from known to unknown, and he may give more than one conclusion. Thus the conclusion is not totally predictable. Evaluative Reasoning Evaluative reasoning is critical in nature. It judges the correctness or suitability of an idea. The validity of the conclusion depends both upon the reasoning process and the standard used. Step Of Evaluative Reasoning According to Holliman there are five steps in evaluative reasoning i. Establishing of the purpose and standard for the appropriate process ii. Evaluating the solution to proceed further iii. Finding out the correct responses to achieve the goals iv. Arranging the sequence of the responses and solutions to achieve the goal in time v. Compare the drawn conclusion with the given standard to check validation and success Steps Of Reasoning * Identifying The Problems Reasoning can’t take place in the absence of problem The problem must be sated explicitly so that its important may be evident and one should try to reason out for its solution * Preparation For The Collection Of Information The second step is to prepare him to collect data and the necessary information about the problem by reading relative books by arranging the responses achieve from the past knowledge. * Analysis The third step is to analysis to collect data according to its merits and demerits * Synthesis After analysis one has to synthesis data by classifying correct and incorrect separately in systematic order to draw result. * Evaluation The last step is to evaluate the result to check the validity and reliability Principles Of Reasoning * Problem must be real. The information collected about the problem must be tangible. Reasoning must be clear, solid and evident. * Reasoning must be according to the proved logic. 3- Creative Thinking Definition According to Zimbardo and Ruche â€Å"Creative thinking is the occurrence of uncommon or unusual but appropriate responses. † Creativity is the process of choosing and shaping appropriate representation for a problem which lead an important discovery. Basically the creative response is not predictable until it is made a standard for the judgment of future creativity. Steps Of Creative Thinking Following are the steps of creative thinking. * Preparation Preparation is the first step in creative work. It start when a person observe natural phenomenon deeply, reads books, magazines and interact with creative people of his interest. * Incubation Incubation is a period of postponing the thinking process about a certain problems for creativity. Sometimes the preparation period is so longs or the ideas and information stored in mind are so overloaded that it becomes difficult for creator to choose and shape appropriately. Inspiration or illumination After or sometimes during the incubation period of rest, suddenly creator’s mind has a flash of light or illumination. He is inspired to write down in an automatic way. Verification And Elaboration The last step of creative thinking is of the verification and elaboration. At this step the creator reviews his creation, check his mistakes, verifies it according to the social norms present it to the public, asks for their critical views and opinions about his work and tries to update it accordingly. Characteristic Of The Creative People According to psychologist creative belongs to human traits. It is shown that there I particular patterns of psychological traits that characterized creative people regardless of their age, cultural background and areas of work.