Business Decision Making Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business Decision Making Process - Essay Example It is because of this reason that it is often important for the higher management to improve upon the decision making process by learning tools and techniques which contribute towards improving the overall effectiveness of the decisions made. It is important to note that decision making and problem solving are often considered as the same however, there are certain subtle differences which need to be taken into account for decision making and problem solving. It is important to understand that decision making takes place at every level of the organization i.e. from top management of the organization to the operational level and as such magnitude, nature and importance of decision making at each different level differs from each other. This paper will apply the analyses and techniques of business decision making in planning and delivery of the Ashes Test to be played at Cardiff during 2009 providing at least three illustrations or examples. Business decision making process is quite complex process as it draws upon data from different sources and utilizes them in different manner in order to achieve the desired results. In order to make better and more effective decisions, it is therefore important that almost every possible aspect of decision making shall be taken into consideration. Cost and benefit analysis is the major criteria based on which most of the business decisions are made and as such there are different tools and techniques which are used to make decisions more effective. Over the period of time the general theoretical thrust behind the business decision making has been based on finding the quantitative aspects of the decision making whereas on the other hand qualitative aspects of decision making were not taken into consideration. (Baker,1981). This focus on the quantitative aspects of decision making has greatly improved the capability of

Should Animals Be Used to Test the Safety of Products Such as Research Paper

Should Animals Be Used to Test the Safety of Products Such as Cosmetics - Research Paper Example n one hundred people, this aroused the United States government to pass a law that made it mandatory to have a drug tested on animals before its introduction to humans (Ilman 16). The issue of using animal models started raising controversy early in the years after the adoption of vivisection. Standardization of animal testing was initiated by the passing of the Animal Protection Law by the British parliament that was later accompanied by another law, the Cruelty to Animals Act. Animal protection in the United States has made several steps and is said to have been initiated by among other things, a memorial held by medical students over a vivisected dog, the animal activists intensified protests that saw establishment of animal protection mechanisms. Advancements have been made in replacing the use of animal models, refining the testing mechanisms and the reduction in the use of animals (Ilman 16). Animals have the same rights as humans. The animals are subject to the same pain and s uffering that the humans go through. They suffer when they are injured, this means that the things that humans go through happen to them too, they fall sick, they die (Fox 2). When an animal develops cancer or some other condition because of being used to test products, they undergo through the same situation that every other person would be subject to. Considering this aspect demonstrates that, it is ironical for humans to think that they are humane when they are part of exploitation to other organisms. The reason why humans have adopted the use of animals is because they can control them and manipulate them the way they want. Nature creates a balance that should be altered through artificial mechanisms. The biological similarity between man and animals used in testing is an advantage to... This paper stresses that animals are not any different from humans; the only difference can be related to the level of intelligence. Humans have infringed on the rights of the animals because they lack a right to defend themselves independently. They have no platform to bring out their issues, their only voice is the human right activists who can be corrupted or induced to think otherwise, their stand can be compromised. Again, it is unnecessary to apply the treatments to animals that would benefit them. Products such as cosmetics are not really a necessity for the animals, making it illogical for them to be tested on them. It can only be right if the products meant for them are the only ones tested through them. The animal activists have a point that needs to be carefully analyzed and appropriate action taken. It is very true that the animal rights are very important to them and less important to humans. This report makes a conclusion that it is apparent that the best option for use in testing of products for consumption by humans is animals. Animals share several similarities with humans, from the organ system, to the body processes, to the genetic material, aspects that make it possible for the products to have a representative effect as in humans. The other alternatives available are deficient in many forms and do not provide concrete evidence of safety. However, the animal models should be used with care and caution. Concrete policies should be developed and implemented for inhumane treatment against animals used for testing products.

Vision Statement Essay Example for Free

Vision Statement Essay The vision of a man is the framework that shows the depth of his knowledge, the tenacity of his personality and how far he would go in the race of life. It is in lieu of this fact that I write this vision statement which depicts what my professional life would be in the next five years. I am a highly motivated individual with interests in human resource management, finance and sales. I would be keenly involved in developing the innate qualities I have in enhancing the capacity of the people around me especially members of staff and those on the management board I belong to. As the President of the SEB Mortgages Inc. , San Angelo TX, sub-prime mortgage broker in the area, five years would have been effectively used to improve on my managerial skills with respect to continuous training of loan officers and sales representatives. This would definitely not be a one-man affair as I would maintain contract relations with appropriate professionals in accordance with regulations guiding contracts and agreements. I would also maintain high quality staff profile within the organization as a holistic approach for increased company returns. My financial status would be greatly influenced by the output of the company, and many investments in other companies. There would be continued solicit in real estate investment and infrastructure development. The concern is to expand my financial capacity and boost the financial capacity of the mortgage broker. As the company grows in its financial capacity, it may become necessary to prepare it for listing on the Stock Exchange market as a major stock. This process is in sequence: education initiated at various colleges has prepared me for ongoing managerial skills. With the Bachelors degree in organizational management in just a few years, I would become further equipped for the noble task ahead. It would widen the scope of education and provide more opportunities to implement these skills. My professional life would also be harmonized with my social and other areas of my life.

Characteristics Of Autocratic Leadership Business Essay

Characteristics Of Autocratic Leadership Business Essay In an autocratic leadership style, the person in charge has total authority and control over decision making. Autocratic leadership is an extreme form of transactional leadership, where a leader exerts high levels of power over his or her employees or team members. People within the team are given few opportunities for making suggestions, even if these would be in the teams or organizations interest. The autocratic leadership style is best used in situations where control is necessary, often where there is little margin for error. When conditions are dangerous, rigid rules can keep people out of harms way. Good fits for Autocratic Leadership are Military, Manufacturing and Construction Characteristics of Autocratic Leadership Little or no input from group members Leaders make the decisions Group leaders dictate all the work methods and processes Group members are rarely trusted with decisions or important tasks In change management, this theory is successful during the emergency and necessary actions where is no chance of mistakes this is useful only in those areas where only orders and instructions are given e.g. military, constructions etc. Participative/Democratic Theory The democratic leadership style is a very open and collegial style of running a team. This theory suggests that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account. These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process. In participative theories, however, the leader retains the right to allow the input of others. Group members feel engaged in the process and are more motivated and creative. In this theory, ideas move freely amongst the group and are discussed openly. Everyone is given a seat at the table, and discussion is relatively free-flowing. The people have a more participatory role in the decision making process. Levins study found that participative leadership, also known as  democratic leadership is generally the most effective leadership style.   The basic ideas behind participative theory of leadership can be summoned as follows: Everyone Participate New ideas are thrown about Decisions becomes more-oriented Leaders can assess the worth of their policies A progressive approach In change management, under this style of leadership leader need to be participate in the task which going to be achieved within the organization with team members to motivate and encourage them towards the goal. Transformational Theory The concept of transformational leadership was developed by James Macgregor Burns  [1]  (Burns, 1978). According to Burns, transforming leadership is a process in which leaders and followers help each other to advance to a higher level of morale and motivation. In transformational leadership various mechanisms are used to boost employee morale and motivation. The following list explains some of the mechanisms used. Please note that following list is not exhaustive, many more mechanisms are used and I am listing a few (Wiki-transformational, Ret. 2007): Integrating individual goals with the organizational goal, it is to create a sense of belongingness; it also includes connecting ones identity to the collective identity of the organization. Depicting leader as a role model so that the entire followers can follow him, having a common role model also helps in creating common paths to follow. Followers are challenged to take greater ownership of their work; this also includes techniques like constructive criticism. This also promotes the concept of taking liability of your actions in both positive and negative way. Leader is made responsible for aligning and optimizing the employee performance by measuring their strengths and weaknesses. In change management, under this style of leadership, leaders encourage and motivate the employees in such a way that they perform at their best to achieve more than the desired or set goal. Transformational and Transactional While there are many different approaches and theories of leadership, Transactional and Transformational are compared the most, so based on my research online, here is my attempt: Transformational VS Transactional Objectives are achieved by moral values and higher ideas Objectives are achieved by rewards and punishments set by the leader Proactive leadership Responsive leadership Individualized Consideration Management by Exception Motivation is achieved by promoting group interest and team work spirit Motivation is achieved by promoting self interest 1.3 Leadership role models I would like to be a transformational leader, so would be listing two transformational business leaders Dr. Vijay Malaya Mr. Rahul Bhatia Leadership profiles DR. Vijay Malaya Dr. Vijay Malaya is currently of 56 years old and living in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. He got residency of India and Australia. He completed his Bachelor of Arts and science from Calcutta University. His all the property was inherited and grooming day by day. He is the brand ambassador of himself and prefers the belief to knowledge and talent. He always tries to focus on team presentation and how much experience they have got. His living standard is very high profile and social able. He got high ambitious person and very dominant nature. Because of his autocratic leadership style his company is booming. He got aggressive behavior because his all normal talks are with general manager of the company. He is from one of the irregular and late leaders. He always wants fully attention on work from his staff. He has no emotions for his employees. Because his policy is to whenever any of his employees had said no to work, he fired his/her. In his company hiring and firing is frequent. Ther e are less chances of promotion in his company. There are less salary incentives as well in his company. He got strong position in politics as well, with the help of this power; he is getting high name and fame. Moreover, he has keen interest in sports as well. He is the owner of Royal Challengers Bangalore, an IPL cricket team. He also formed a Sahara force India formula one team. Furthermore, by reading his image, it is shown that he is very straight forward leader, who doesnt wait for others to start. In simple words, Vijay Malaya do everything is of his own choice, he leads team in very formal way. He doesnt have any emotions for his employees. Change Management Under his leadership, he made a big change in his company. His company is getting name and fame. He expands his company from low level to high level. He started kingfisher airlines. Before him according to survey, the kingfisher was on 32nd rank in the world, but after him, kingfisher got the 19th rank among another companies. Mr. Rahul Bhatia Mr. Rahul Bhatia is also in his 60s. He was born in Bentwal, Karnataka. He completed his studies BS in electrical engineering from university of waterloo, Canada. Currently he is living in Delhi, India. After completing his studies, he worked with IBM. Then he realized to setup his own company Indigo. He believes in diligence, future mindedness, transparency in work. He is democratic leader. He always gives chances to others to perform. Because of his positive attitude, his company is shining day by day. He always brings forward good talent. Mr. Rahul Bhatia always tries to keep his focus on good team performance. He believes in simple living and high thinking. He is very punctual in his life and always set goals to be targeted. He has seen some difficult period for his company, but he paid salaries and bonus to each worker time to time. He is continuously learning and trying to develop the leadership style. He is really a very good leader and task oriented. He respects the voice of his employees. He has promotion policy in his company and always promotes the good talent. Change Management He started indigo as a private low cost carrier based airline. But Rahul Bhatia put his a lot hard work in indigo, so thats why it was the only airline in India making profits by the end of March, 2012. It became the Indias largest airline in terms of market share. Comparison between Dr. Vijay Malaya and Mr. Rahul Bhatia: Sr. No. Autocratic Style Participative/Democratic Style Dr. Vijay Malaya Mr. Rahul Bhatia 1 He is only one to make decisions. He tries to use the decision made by majority 2 He doesnt have any confidence on employees. He lets other coworkers come forward and show the ability. 3 He is rude to his employees and for mistake; he got only one punishment of firing. To establish goals though employees and help them to work hard to achieve goals. Benchmarking criteria For setting up of benchmarking criteria, I will be using participative leadership approach. I will be listing qualities of this leadership approach as a benchmarking framework for my own personal development. Participative leaders have a very high degree of self-confidence- I see it as an essential element of my personal development benchmarking because I think every leader must have self-confidence. If you believe in yourself, only then you can convince others to believe in you. Almost all participative leaders have high sense of Social Responsibility- it is important as it lays the basic draft plan for you to be socially responsible. Remember your followers also form a part of society, which makes it even more viable for a leader. Participative leaders focus on Individualized Consideration- it is important as not all employees are same, some can perform exceptional but just need an extra push. Transformational leaders have a proactive approach- It helps to achieve higher employee morale and integrates personal and organizational goals. So we can sum out the basic criteria I described in Benchmarking criteria as follows: High degree of self confidence Social responsibility Individualized consideration Proactive approach 2. Self-Assessment 2.1 Benchmarking Potential analysis is a benchmarking tool that not only compares your performance with benchmarks but also tells you the deviation. Deviation is basically the difference you need to make up in order to achieve your desired benchmark  [2]  (Mgmt, Ret 1999). Lets analyze our set standards in benchmarking criteria with my own performance: A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 Tests Benchmarked Figure My Own Deviation B2 Degree of self confidence 5 2 3 B3 Social awareness 5 2 3 B4 Individualized Consideration 5 1 4 B5 Proactive approach 5 2 3 A2 Tests are the key elements which are to be compared in Potential Analysis A3 Benchmarked figures are the highest total which can be attained in a relative operational environment. A4 is the actual measures of my own assessment in terms of Tests (figures here are calculated from the surveys completed) A5 Deviation is the difference of comparison between benchmarked figure and the actual figure. This is the difference we need to cover up in order to achieve benchmarked results. Reflection I like to prefer participative leadership style. As I came from well-educated Indian family I have enough knowledge about what qualities needed to be a good leader. My father always asks our opinions if he is going to make some major decisions that bring changes to our family. I am working in such environment where the leaders are totally participative and encourage all the time to take parts in decision making process by asking our views. According to me this leadership style is well suitable for me because I can encourage and motivate others to participate with their full extent. This encouragement enables team members to play major part in decision making process which makes their performance better. I can guide as mentor to help them in achieving their goals. I need to develop proactive approach towards leadership. Responsive approach like transactional is mostly used in crisis management. 3. Personal Development Plan Opportunities Rationale strategies Timeframe measures measures My short goal is to become the manager in my organization I have chosen this goal because after completing my (level 5) in business I will become valid for the manager position. After completing my course I will take 3 months training for the clerical work done in the organization. I have to take my leadership I need 2 year more to get it to that position because at present I am working as a supervisor If I get a good feedback working in the office from the manager that will be my measure to be there on that position The main resources I need for this short term goal is to complete my diploma in business management (level 5) As my long term goal is to be the area manager of my organization I have chosen this position because I have a good power of motivation and convincing power also as I have a very good leadership style so thats why my goal is to be the area manager of my organization For this goal I need a very good communication skills to attend the big meetings or to the customers so I will take English class and also I will go for the further studies in the business field( level 6 )and( level 7) So to get this major position in my organization I need four to five years of time because my studies will take two years more and I have to get more experience and to achieve a clear vision. In this goal the measures will be my studies if I will be able to complete my studies then I will get my good skills and knowledge .other measures will be the right decision taken as manager of the organization start from today . I need more money to get well education of the relating to my field , I need the time and in that time the decision made by me should be valid , need more skills My another and the dream full goal is to be the successful businessman in new Zealand and being as a very idol leader for the others so that anyone can give good example about me . Because it is my dream that I should be in the list of successful businessman in New Zealand And a very good person to the people as well because success is nothing if we dont have respect in the society. I will go for the further studies and have to learn the big terms the leader should have like, self-confidence, risk taking, great vision, positive attitude, less negative points, great motivation quality. As I have this very big goal in front of me is very difficult but not the impossible it needs probably 10 more years to be their because new Zealand successful business is a big term itself ,and need this period also to get immense experience and great knowledge and very good education as well and more importantly the focus s As I have told my short term and long term goals the success in these goals and in the given time period will be great feedback to me .and if I will be successful in making myself more vision able but with the hard work that would be a good measures for me that I am going in a right way . There are many resourcing that I need in this goal to achieved I need good amount of time to get work on each step

Prayer in William Faulkners Light in August Essay example -- Light in

     Ã‚   "I decline to accept the end of man...I believe that man will not merely endure: he will prevail. He is immortal, not because he alone among creatures has an inexhaustible voice, but because he has a soul, a spirit capable of compassion and sacrifice and endurance."   -William Faulkner, Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech, 1949      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   William Faulkner illustrates many dimensions of prayer in Light in August: his characters avoid it, abuse it, embrace it, and blame it. In every case, Faulkner portrays prayer's power on the psyche. His fictional world seems Godless, yet his characters' struggle to prevail through prayer. Joanna Burden, Gail Hightower, and Joe Christmas exemplify three different approaches to prayer. Joanna turns toward prayer shortly before she is murdered; Hightower turns from it and finally feels liberated before his symbolic death; and Christmas, who is murdered in the end, prays throughout the novel. In comparing these three, Faulkner rejects pompous prayers and advocates for authenticity. Faulkner suggests that it is better to avoid prayer altogether, like Lena Grove, the happy pagan, than to be stunted by false prayer, like Hightower. To highlight these extremes, Faulkner fuses his novel with tensions between Judeo-Christianity and paganism, filling his charact ers with an urge to somehow find something permanent.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First, Joanna wrestles with her faith, but her shift toward prayer brings pride and prejudice. Faulkner's first mention of prayer in reference to Joanna actually comes through Joe: he observes her longing to meet God on her own terms and her struggle to do so: "She wants to prays, but she don't know how to do that either" (Faulkner 261). Faulkner inten... ...Black and White. New York: Twayne, 1992. Brooks, Cleanth. ‘Faulkner’s Vision of Good and Evil.’ Religious Perspectives in Faulkner’s Fiction. Ed. J. Robert Barth. Notre Dame: Notre Dame P, 1972. 57-87. Faulkner, William. Light in August. New York: Book of the Month Club, 1997. Fowler  Doreen,  Abadie  Ann   Faulkner and Popular Culture.  Jackson:  UP of Mississippi,  1990. Kazin, Alfred. "The Stillness of Light in August".  William Faulkner: Three Decades of Criticism.  Eds. Frederick J. Hoffman and Olga W. Vickery.  New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1960. Porter, Carolyn.  William Faulkner: Lives and Legacies. Oxford University Press. 2007. Print. Tuck, Dorothy. Crowell’s Handbook of Faulkner. New York; Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1964 Waggoner, Hyatt H.  William Faulkner: From Jefferson to the World. Lexington: University   of Kentucky Press, 1966. Prayer in William Faulkner's Light in August Essay example -- Light in      Ã‚   "I decline to accept the end of man...I believe that man will not merely endure: he will prevail. He is immortal, not because he alone among creatures has an inexhaustible voice, but because he has a soul, a spirit capable of compassion and sacrifice and endurance."   -William Faulkner, Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech, 1949      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   William Faulkner illustrates many dimensions of prayer in Light in August: his characters avoid it, abuse it, embrace it, and blame it. In every case, Faulkner portrays prayer's power on the psyche. His fictional world seems Godless, yet his characters' struggle to prevail through prayer. Joanna Burden, Gail Hightower, and Joe Christmas exemplify three different approaches to prayer. Joanna turns toward prayer shortly before she is murdered; Hightower turns from it and finally feels liberated before his symbolic death; and Christmas, who is murdered in the end, prays throughout the novel. In comparing these three, Faulkner rejects pompous prayers and advocates for authenticity. Faulkner suggests that it is better to avoid prayer altogether, like Lena Grove, the happy pagan, than to be stunted by false prayer, like Hightower. To highlight these extremes, Faulkner fuses his novel with tensions between Judeo-Christianity and paganism, filling his charact ers with an urge to somehow find something permanent.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First, Joanna wrestles with her faith, but her shift toward prayer brings pride and prejudice. Faulkner's first mention of prayer in reference to Joanna actually comes through Joe: he observes her longing to meet God on her own terms and her struggle to do so: "She wants to prays, but she don't know how to do that either" (Faulkner 261). Faulkner inten... ...Black and White. New York: Twayne, 1992. Brooks, Cleanth. ‘Faulkner’s Vision of Good and Evil.’ Religious Perspectives in Faulkner’s Fiction. Ed. J. Robert Barth. Notre Dame: Notre Dame P, 1972. 57-87. Faulkner, William. Light in August. New York: Book of the Month Club, 1997. Fowler  Doreen,  Abadie  Ann   Faulkner and Popular Culture.  Jackson:  UP of Mississippi,  1990. Kazin, Alfred. "The Stillness of Light in August".  William Faulkner: Three Decades of Criticism.  Eds. Frederick J. Hoffman and Olga W. Vickery.  New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1960. Porter, Carolyn.  William Faulkner: Lives and Legacies. Oxford University Press. 2007. Print. Tuck, Dorothy. Crowell’s Handbook of Faulkner. New York; Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1964 Waggoner, Hyatt H.  William Faulkner: From Jefferson to the World. Lexington: University   of Kentucky Press, 1966.

Cognitive Radio Essay -- Technology

A problem facing cognitive radio is the need for accurate estimations of performance metrics. Performance estimation algorithms are limited when facing new situations. For example, heuristics, such as genetic algorithms (GA), require specific knowledge about the interference conditions in order to adapt fitness functions. This paper presents an experimental design approach that analyzes performance results of a small set of configurations to create an empirical model. The method overcomes the need for specific knowledge of the channel or noise environment and is capable of addressing new situations.par This problem is difficult given the limitations inherent in any theoretical system model and the complexity of sensing the wireless environment. Existing GA-based cognitive engines identify radio configuration settings based on mathematical models for defining objective functions cite{Rondeau2007}. The methods rely on additional knowledge of noise conditions in order to customize the objective functions to the current environment. Advancements in the decision-making architecture tied case-based reasoning to the GA in order to increase time-to-decision and take advantage of past experiences cite{He2009}. However, CBR relies on the assumption that a past decision will work in the current situation if the two are similar enough. In both methods, the identified solution's true performance is unknown until after it is implemented on the system.par Theoretical models of wireless performance rely on assumptions in the channel conditions, and often do not represent the actual situation. In contrast, statistical methods base all conclusions from empirical evidence without requiring knowledge of the channel or interference conditions. T... ...rameters settings are then pared down by repeating the DOE with focus on another response meter. This process is repeated for each response meter available until a final parameter setting is identified. The authors developed a reconfiguration algorithm that draws its decision from multivariate DOE analysis on the system. The algorithm was implemented on an open-source software controller for off-the-shelf 802.11 wireless cards cite{Weingart2007}.par In contrast, we implement RSM experimental design that leads to quadratic models as opposed to linear. This approach increases accuracy and identifies overall better solutions. We implement the techniques on a software defined radio platform more indicative of deployable cognitive radio. Our focus emphasis the statistical fit performance of different designs and contrasts performance to a reference heuristic engine.

Modern Indian Women Essay

The status of women in modern India is a sort of a paradox. If on one hand she is at the peak of ladder of success, on the other hand she is mutely suffering the violence afflicted on her by her own family members. As compared with past women in modern times have achieved a lot but in reality they have to still travel a long way. Women have left the secured domain of their home and are now in the battlefield of life, fully armored with their talent. They had proven themselves. But in India they are yet to get their dues. The sex ratio of India shows that the Indian society is still prejudiced against female. There are 917 females per thousand males in India according to the census of 2011, which is much below the world average of 990 females. There are many problems which women in India have to go through daily, some of which are: †¢Malnutrition On of the major causes of mal nutrition among Indian women is gender inequality. In many parts of India, especially rural India, women are the ones who eat last and least in the whole family. This means they eat whatever is left after the men folk are satiated. As a result most of the times their food intake does not contain the nutritional value required in maintaining the healthy body. In villages, sometimes women do not get to eat a whole meal due to poverty. The UNICEF report of 1996 clearly states that the women of South Asia are not given proper care, which results in higher level of malnutrition among the women of South Asia than anywhere else in the world. This nutritional deficiency has two major consequences for women first they become anemic and second they never achieve their full growth, which leads to an unending cycle of undergrowth as malnourished women cannot give birth to healthy children. †¢Poor Health Malnutrition results in poor health of women. The women of India are prejudiced from birth itself. They are not breastfed for long. In the want of a son get pregnant as soon as possible which decreases the caring period to the girl child, whereas male members get adequate care and nutrition.  Women are not given the right to free movement that means that they cannot go anywhere on their own if they want and they have to take the permission of male member of family or have to take them along. This means that women miss visiting doctors even when they should, which adds to their poor health. †¢Maternal Mortality The maternal mortality rate in India is among highest in the world. As females are not given proper attention, which results in the malnutrition and then they are married at an early age which leads to pregnancies at younger age when the body is not ready to bear the burden of a child. All this results in complications, which may lead to gynecological problems, which may become serious with time and may ultimately, lead to death. †¢Lack of education In India women’s education never got its due share of attention. From medieval India women were debarred from the educational field. According to medieval perception women need just household education and this perception of medieval India still persists in villages of India even today. Girls are supposed to fulfill domestic duties and education becomes secondary for them whereas it is considered to be important for boys. Although scenario in urban areas has changed a lot and women are opting for higher education but majority of Indian population residing in villages still live in medieval times. The people of villages consider girls to be curse and they do not want to waste money and time on them as they think that women should be wedded off as soon as possible. The main reason for not sending girls to school is the poor economic condition. Another reason is far off location of schools. In Indian society virginity and purity is given utmost importance during marriage and people are afraid to send their girl child to far off schools were male teacher teach them along with boys. The lack of education is the root cause for many other problems. An uneducated mother cannot look after her children properly and she is not aware of the deadly diseases and their cure, which leads to the poor health  of the children. An uneducated person does not know about hygiene this lack of knowledge of hygiene may lead to poor health of the whole family. †¢Mistreatment In India violence against women is a common evil. Not just in remote parts but even in cities women bear the brunt. They are subjected to physical and mental violence. They are the one who work most but are not given their due. Every hour a woman is raped in India and every 93 minutes a woman is burnt to death due to dowry problem. There are many laws such as The Hindu Marriage Act of 1955, The Hindu Succession Act of 1956, The Hindu Widow Remarriage Act of 1856, The Hindu Women Right to Property Act of 1937, The Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961, to protect women and punishment is severe but the conviction rate of crime against women is very low in India. †¢Overworked Indian women work more than men of India but their work is hardly recognized as they mainly do unskilled work. Their household chores is never counted as a work, if a woman is working in a field to help her husband it will also be not counted as a work. A study conducted by Mies in 1986 states that in Andhra Pradesh a woman works around 15 hours a day during the agricultural season whereas a male on an average works for around 7-8 hours. †¢Lack of power In India a large percentage of women do not have power. They cannot take decisions independently not even related to their own life. They have to take permission of male members for each and every issue. They don’t have any say in important household matters and not in matter of their own marriage. †¢Marriage The family mainly fixes the marriages in India. The scenario in villages is very bad. The girl is not consulted but is told to marry a groom whom her family has chosen for him. They are taught to abide by the whims and fancies of their husbands. Going against the wishes of husband is considered to be a sin. In marriage husband always has the upper hand. The groom and his parents show as if they are obliging the girl by marrying her and in return  they demand hefty dowry. †¢Dowry Another serious issue in modern India. Courts are flooded with cases related to death due to dowry harassment by husband and in laws. In ancient times women were given ‘Stridhan’ when they departed from the house of their parents. This amount of money was given to her as a gift which she can use on her and her children but her in-laws did not have any right on that amount. This amount was supposed to help the girl in time of need. Slowly this tradition became obligatory and took the form of dowry. Nowadays parents have to give hefty amount in dowry, the in laws of their girl are not concerned whether they can afford it or not. If a girl brings large amount of dowry she is given respect and is treated well in her new home and if she does not bring dowry according to expectations of her in laws then she has to suffer harassment. Due to this evil practice many newly wed women of India have to lose their lives. †¢Female infanticide/foeticide As women were supposed to be and in some areas of India are still considered to be curse by some strata of society their birth was taken as a burden. So in past times they were killed as soon as they were born. In some of the Rajput clans of Rajasthan newly born girl children was dropped in a large bowl of milk and were killed. Today with the help of technology the sex of the unborn baby is determined and if it is a girl child then it is aborted. In all this procedure women do not have any say they have to do according to the wish of their husbands even if she does not want an abortion, she has no choice. †¢Divorce The divorce rate in India is not so high compared to western countries but that does not mean that marriages are more successful here. The reason behind low level of divorce rate is that it is looked down by the society. It is regarded as the sign of failure of marriage, especially of women. She is treated as if she has committed some crime by divorcing her husband. In some communities like Muslims women did not have the right to divorce their husband they were divorced at just the pronouncement of â€Å"I divorce you† by their husband thrice and they could not do anything except to be the mute spectator. Recently Muslim Law Board has given right of divorce to women.  After divorce women is entitled to get her â€Å"Mehr† for herself and her children’s sustenance. In Hindu society women get maintenance for themselves and their children after divorce.