The bulest eye :: essays research papers

Claudia and Frieda MacTeer live in Lorain, Ohio with their p arnts. Their lives are hard, yet their parents provide a stern and loving household. To make money, their parents take in a boarder, Henry Washington. Soon after, another young girl, named Pecola, comes to live with the MacTeers after her father, Cholly, burned d have got her house. The three girls become friends. Pecola loves milk and Shirley Temple it quickly becomes go across that she believes that all things Caucasian are beautiful. It also becomes clear that Pecola considers herself ugly because she has such strong African features. She does not believe she can be loved.Pecola eventually moves choke in with her family. Life there is not pleasant. Her father is an alcoholic, her mother is distant, and the two of them often fight. Pecolas older brother, Samuel, often runs away from theatre. Pecola also runs away but into her own fantasies she dreams of having the secularst eyes in the world. Pecolas life away from her family is no better. She is often picked on and called ugly by those around her. Claudia and Frieda realize that the entire neighborhood agrees with Pecola that Caucasian features are beautiful.Pecolas parents have both had difficult lives. Pauline always felt like an outsider in her family and constantly suffers through feelings of loneliness and ugliness. She wants to love her daughter but finds Pecola unattractive. Pauline works for a wealthy white family and finds her solace in their house and in movie theaters showing the glamorous white world. Cholly was abandoned by his parents and brought up by his aunt. He was often humiliated by white people and built up a great rage toward whites and women. When he met and espouse Pauline, things were good for a time, but he soon felt trapped and unhappy. The marriage is listless and dull, except for those moments when they are fighting.One day, as he returns home and finds Pecola washing dishes, Chollys life of rage and aborted desi re wells up and he rapes his daughter. Pauline blames Pecola for the rape, irrationally seeing it as Pecolas fault. Pecola becomes more obsessed with getting blue eyes and visits Soaphead Church, a sham mystic, who promises to help her. Instead, he uses her to help kill a dog he doesnt like. Pecola discovers she is pregnant. Over the course of her pregnancy, Pecola goes mad.

Comparison of Seven Beowulf Translations Essay -- comparison compare c

Comparison of Seven Beowulf Translations There is not unanimity among Beowulf translators concerning all parts of the text, but there is unforesightful divergence from a single, uniform translation of the poem. Herein are discussed some passages which translators might show disagreement about because of the lack of clarity or scatty fragments of text or abundance of synonyms or ambiguous referents. After the Danish coast-guard meets and talks to Beowulf, the guard then begins his next speech with a brief precept or aphorism Aeghwaepres sceal scearp scyldwiga gescad witan, worda ond worca, se pe wel penced. (287-289) T.A. Shippey comments in The World of the Poem that Translating this ought not to be difficult. The problem here is caused by the fact that proverbs are not merely linguistic phenomena. the hidden factor is the extralinguistic frame we have been taught in childhood when to use proverbs, what their metaphors mean, who to say them to, and how to take them. It is this nonverbal knowledge that we contain to be able to understand the coastguards gnome. Reluctance to reconstruct such intangibles and dogged staring at the text have led literary critics into argument (Shippey 34). So lets cross-reference six translators and determine how serious a discrepancy exists here. Howell D. Chickering translates the troublesome part of the passage must know the distinction between words and deeds, keep the difference clear (Chickering 65). E. Talbot Donaldson who thinks well must be able to judge each of the two things, words and works (Donaldson 6). Kevin Crossley-Holland iodine whose mind is ... ... multiple synonyms, vague references, etc. BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander, Michael. Beowulf A Verse Translation. New York Penguin Books, 1973. Chickering, Howell D. Beowulf A dual-Language Edition. New York Anchor Books, 1977. Crossley-Holland, Kevin, trans. Beowulf The Fight at Finnsburh, edited by burbot ODonoghue. New York Oxford University Press, 1999 . Donaldson, E. Talbot, trans. Beowulf The Donaldson Translation, edited by Joseph Tuso. New York, W.W.Norton and Co., 1975. Heaney, Seamus. Beowulf, A New Verse Translation. New York W.W. Norton & Co., 2000. Rebsamen, Frederick. Beowulf A Verse Translation. New York Harper-Collins Publishers, 1991. Shippey, T.A.. The World of the Poem. In Beowulf novel Critical Interpretations, edited by Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House Publishers, 1987..

Art Throughout History Across the World :: Artists Pablo Picasso Egypt France Essays

Art Throughout History Across the World From bring together figures in the sand and the earliest animals painted andcarved in stone, people worldwide guard reacted to the world by making im dates.The fundamental goal of art, especially in the past, was to convey meaning andexpress important ideas, revealing what was significant to every society, byarresting images. In recognizing the subject matter of any painting, you haveto look at the artists intentions, which are regularly connected to socialconditions, national or global issues and the demands of the public. To avoidthe pitfalls of judging all art by our experience personal experiences and subjectiveviews, we have to learn the background surrounding the artist when the work wascreated- the social and historical conditions of the time and the philosophicalviews which affected the way in which the artist viewed the world. (Russell,1984) Art is as varied as the brio from which it springs and each artistportrays differen t aspects of the world they k straight. Briefly, it may be said thatartists paint to obtain truth and to create order. The creators of art makediscoveries about the wonders and beauty of nature and the dignity and nobilityof man. They give these concepts an order to help us understand life in agreater depth. In understanding the history and style of any period of art, wehave to comprehend the balance between social and semi semipolitical development of thatparticular era. Within each and every period, development of style is affectedby a response to particular philosophies, social and economic conditions,political and spiritual influences. World Issues have been reflected in artthroughout the ages, and this premise is supported by three particular periodsof time. This is clearly evident when viewing antediluvian patriarch art, where symbolism wasan important part of society. Also, through the eighteenth and nineteenthcenturies, where art was a critical form of expression and fina lly in the modernage of art where even in looking into the works of individual artists, one canget a sense of the feelings and events of the time and the world. Let us nowexamine theses three periods in detail, to support this hypothesis. If we are aware of meaning of religious, political, or other symbols, itwill better our understanding of the frame of mind of the artist. individually piece ofart is unique, a reflection of the artists perceptions, insights andexperiences. Certain aspects of the world are often exaggerated, or eliminated,

Hooligans Essay -- Hooliganism Football Sports Athletics Essays

Hooligans Hundreds of side of meat fans have been departed from Belgium after scenes of mass violence in Belgian cities and football authorities have threatened to free the English team from the competition if there is an opposite outbreak of the English DiseaseThis was an article dated 20 June 2000 written by an English journalist. It is lucid from this article that world is facing a great problem nowadays.Actually it would be wrong to use the term nowadays because the English Disease to wit hooliganism have been a problem for many centuries. in that respect are many things to say on hooliganism but first it would be mitigate to start with its definition. Hooliganism doesnt have a standard definition. But it can be defined as destruction of properties or injury to persons, sometimes involving theft, whether by a gang or a small group of young people. Hooliganism is characterised as a lack of self-control, love of malicious evil and idleness passing into dishonest and crime. Ho oligans are usually do up of boys and young men, aged between 15 and 25 and their main targets are other groups, who only differ from them in their being composed of fans of another football team.And another interesting fact about hooligans is that they consider themselves to be true fans they game the team for better or worse, they create the highly praised atmosphere inside stadiums. Their main interest does not seem much to see brilliant football but to see their team win.As I mentioned in the beginning football hooliganism is known as the English Disease but it has been a problem throughout Europe especially in Germany, Holland, Italy and Belgium as well as in the UK. Also Greece, Czech Republic, Denmark, Austria and Turkey witnessed these disturbances in football matches.There are a lot of work done all around the world to avoid the harm hooligans give to the environment and themselves. European Parliament and the internal Parliaments of the European Union made effort to avo id the violence throughout Europe. European Council issued a report on hooliganism September 1999 and tried to slay further steps on this problem.After all the work done by various sociologists and initiatives of the European Institutions still it is difficult to observe decline in violence in European Stadiums.To make it clear that World is suffering enough from hooliganism for many years... ...cisive measures like banning Britain from football games. I sine qua non to end my essay with an article written by Graham L. Jones in 26.06.2000. This article will be helpful in making a sum-up of the works about hooliganism.The time for talk is over Ban the Brits Dont wait another minute. Forget the possible quarterfinal game. Send Britain from Euro 2000 back to home. Yes, its my own country Im talking about. And yes, its the team and players that I want to see pay the price for the absolute ineffectiveness of English Government and English judiciary doing nothing about hooliganismBibl iographyHOLT R. 1989.Sport and the British. Oxford Oxford University PressKERR H. 1994.Understanding Soccer Hooliganism. Buckingam Open University PressTAYLOR R. 1992.Football and its Fans. Leicester Leicester Universty PressResources from Internetnoviolence.com/archivesdailynews.yahoo.com-22.06.2000bbc.com- Hooliganism made in England but big abroad-26.02.1998titonet.com/hooligansthesportjournal.com- A developmental view of soccer hooliganism by A.J Harleyintorminc.co.uk- Hooliganism-a political footballeserver.org- Playing for England by Paul smith

Leadership Essay -- Communication, Accountability

REVIEW OF THE LITERATUREIn this section of the paper, I testament discuss current relevant literary articles that argon related to unproductive leader skills, effective leadership skills, and inadequate communication skills. These scholarly references will present how others are dealing with the issues of ineffective leadership skill. It will also illustrate what can be done to improve poor leadership behavior. By reviewing these references, I will be able to help my organization become more successful.First, Allen and Dennis states leadership and accountability go hand in hand. This study shows that nurses are ham-fisted because they lack sufficient leadership skills. They do not have the ability and skills to manage with compassion and/or competence. Also, they do not empower their team to be sufficient. So why were they hired in the first place if they lacked the necessary skills to perform their jobs? Sometimes, organizations fill the opening because they are desperate to get help. But this causes hospitals to fit. When managers are ineffective, there is overall failure. Managers and nurses alike lose sight of their purpose because they are overworked and lack guidance from senior management. They are told to work harder and smarter but do not have the necessary tools to perform their jobs successfully. By providing efficient training and tools, these nurses were able to provide better care and became more sufficient (Allen and Dennis, 2010).Another problem is ineffective communication. According Herman Aguinis, managers should listen to others, process the information and communicate effectively. They should also instill trust and provide proper direction to their team. As leaders, they should guide, develop and motivate to im... ...s fail to change their culture, they are bound to be unsuccessful (Want, 2006).Finally, according to Wilkins there are more than 11 million employees working in the field of health care services. To retain these employees , leaders should be equipped to keep these employees motivated. A national study was done in 2003 through 2004 by HealthcareWork showed healthcare employees have the lowest level of commitment to their job. The study indicated that healthcare managers are lacking the necessary leadership skills that keep employees committed and motivated. The study also showed that healthcare organizations should look deeper into its management culture and rethink the effectiveness of its current leaders. HealthcareWork found that challenges in the workplace if ineffective leadership and what steps necessitate to be done to improve this problem (Wilkins, 2004).

Leadership Essay -- Communication, Accountability

REVIEW OF THE LITERATUREIn this section of the paper, I willing talk about current relevant literary articles that ar related to ineffective leader skills, effective leadership skills, and inadequate communication skills. These scholarly references will show how others are dealing with the issues of ineffective leadership skill. It will also illustrate what can be done to improve poor leadership behavior. By reviewing these references, I will be able to help my organization become more successful.First, Allen and Dennis states leadership and accountability go hand in hand. This study shows that nurses are incompetent because they omit sufficient leadership skills. They do not take away the ability and skills to manage with compassion and/or competence. Also, they do not empower their team to be sufficient. So why were they hired in the first place if they lacked the necessary skills to perform their jobs? Sometimes, organizations fill the opening because they are desperate to ge t help. But this causes hospitals to fail. When managers are ineffective, at that place is overall failure. Managers and nurses alike lose sight of their purpose because they are overworked and lack guidance from senior management. They are told to work harder and smarter but do not bear the necessary tools to perform their jobs successfully. By providing efficient training and tools, these nurses were able to provide better care and became more sufficient (Allen and Dennis, 2010).Another problem is ineffective communication. check Herman Aguinis, managers should listen to others, process the information and communicate effectively. They should also instill trust and provide proper direction to their team. As leaders, they should guide, develop and motivate to im... ...s fail to form their culture, they are bound to be unsuccessful (Want, 2006).Finally, according to Wilkins there are more than 11 million employees working in the field of healthcare services. To cover these emp loyees, leaders should be equipped to keep these employees motivated. A national study was done in 2003 through 2004 by HealthcareWork showed healthcare employees have the lowest level of commitment to their job. The study indicated that healthcare managers are lacking the necessary leadership skills that keep employees committed and motivated. The study also showed that healthcare organizations should get word deeper into its management culture and rethink the effectiveness of its current leaders. HealthcareWork found that challenges in the workplace if ineffective leadership and what steps needs to be done to improve this problem (Wilkins, 2004).

Outline for Quiz

political orientation operates chief(prenominal)ly at the level of connotations, the secondary, often unconscious meaning that texts and practices stock up, or can be made to carry. D. political theory is encountered in the practices of everyday life and not simply in certain ideas about everyday life. principal 3 of 20 Which of the pursual is non superstar of the definitions of universal polish. Popular nuance is A. The destination that is left over after we have decided what is high shade B. An authentic affableization that originates from the citizenry C.A site of conflict between the resistance of subordinate groups and the forces of incorporation operating in the interests of dominant groups. D. A culture which emerged during feudalism Answer Key D caput 4 of 20 Which of the following is NOT one of the purposes of the Storey (2009) book? A. let is about the theorizing that has brought us to our present stage of thinking on popular culture B. Let is about explor ing the historically fixed set of popular texts and practices that are the objects of popular culture C.It is about how the changing terrain of popular culture has been explored and mapped by different ethnic theorists and different theoretical approaches. D. Let is about introducing readers to he different ways in which popular culture has been analyzed and the different popular cultures that have been articulated as a result. marvel 5 of 20 Which of the following statements is NOT culture from the perspective culture and civilization tradition of Matthew Arnold? grow is A. The ability to recognise what is best B. What is best C. The mental and physical application of what is best D.The pursuit of what is Answer Key C Question 6 of 20 consort to Matthew Arnold, the cordial function of culture is to A. Police the disruptive presence of the raw and uncultivated masses. B. Provide an all- encompassing pattern for living C. The material and monetarily attributes necessary for peo ple to carry out a collective life D. Challenge pagan and loving warrant Answer Key A Question 7 of 20 According to the culture and civilization tradition, which of the following is NOT one of the purposes of education in terms of culture? A. To civilize the acting categorise for subordination, deference and exploitation B.To attire the middle-class children to the cultural power that is to be theirs C. Training to resist the influence of mass D. To develop skills in cultural relativism and the pluralistic approach to cultural meaning. Question 8 of 20 According to the Alleviates, which of the following was NOT a cause or symptom of the cultural decline A. Advent of Industrial Revolution B. cram of Mass Democracy C. Advertising and how it is consumed D. Unquestioning assent to authority Question 9 of 20 Which of the following is a point in the mass culture debate? A.The majority choose second- and third-rate cultural texts and practices instead of the texts and practices of h igh culture B. Popular culture serves a benign function for socializing people into the pleasures of consumption in the bleak capitalist-consumerist society C. Without high culture, America is under threat from Grahams Law of culture. D. III of these options are correct. Question 10 of 20 Which of the following is NOT one of the assumptions that the culture and civilization tradition sought to confirm? A. Cultural decline B. Cultural expiration C. The need for cultural relativity D. He need for cultural deference Question 11 of 20 According to Grandstand, textual analysis is a strand of interpretative work that includes the exact of A. Media genres B. fib analysis C. Scholarship on the politics of representation D. All of the above Question 12 of 20 Grandstand claims that most of the new and interesting work on popular culture is being done A. By cultural sociologists B. Outside sociology C. In anthropology D. By the capital of Kentucky School Question 13 of 20 According to Gran dstand, drawing on the theory of hegemony developed by Antonio Grammas, cultural studies A. O not produce important work on popular culture B. Seem to be too close to its British roots to explain the phenomenon of global culture C. Have not been very influential at American universities D. Placed meaning, ideology, and power relations at the center of theorizing Question 14 of 20 According to Grandstand (2008), the challenge of defining popular culture results from A. The beingness of too many cultural forms B. Different ways that scholars conceptualized it for analysis C. The postmodern condition D.None of the above Question 15 of 20 Grandstand (2008) claims that different definitions of culture clearly embody A. Different assumptions and political orientations about popular culture B. Particular scholars preferences for specific cultural forms C. The different socioeconomic backgrounds of scholars D. III of the above Question 16 of 20 Production of culture perspective refers to A . The Marxist perspective B. Debates about how to interpret culture C. The empirical study of culture-producing organizations within specific institutional contexts D.None of the above Question 17 of 20 According to Grandstand (2008), the majority of contemporary pop culture scholarship is tied to the media, especially television, due to A. The proliferation of media technologies B. The elaborateness of media systems in the U. S. And abroad C. The increasing connectedness of the media to other cultural pursuits D. III of the above Question 18 of 20 The embedded consumption refers to A. The blurring of boundaries between consumer and consumed in the use of new media B. Marxist view of the relationship between culture and capitalism C. He excessive use of new media technologies D. The dangers in using the new media technologies Question 19 of 20 According to Grandstand (2008), the positive aspect(s) of todays cosmopolitan consumer culture is (are) that it A. Is not bound by old hiera rchies of status and distinction B. Creates a great deal of cultural choice due to the use of new technologies C. Is highly participatory Question 20 of 20 The negative aspect(s) of the todays cosmopolitan consumer culture is (are) A. The growing consolidation of media/ entertainment industries and monopolizing of popular culture B. Globalization of culture C. TTS elitism Which of the following does Cultural stress? A. Structure B. The popular C. Human agency D. rearing Which of the following theorists set that there was a good popular culture of the working class in the sass? A. Hall and Handle B. Haggard C. Thompson D. Williams Which of the following theorists provided the footing of Cultural by identifying a social definition of culture as a particular way of life? A. Hall and Handle C. Leaves Which of the following theorists identified class as a historical phenomenon and provided an approach to culture that included a history from below?A. Hall and Handle Which of the follow ing theorists developed a category for good popular culture? A. Hall and Handle Which of the following is NOT a level of culture identified by Williams? A. Lived B. Recorded culture C. Culture of selective tradition D. Mass culture The ability individuals have to be active in their own choices, and to make choices ND act in a way that can change structure/society, refers to A. Organization B. Human agency C. Mass culture D. Youth culture Which of the following statements about Cultural is NOT true? A.There is an assumption about cultural decline B. There are different types of culture, and they should all be studied C. There is a fundamental difference of value between high culture and popular culture. D. III popular culture is bad. Which of the following theorists found they needed to alter their theoretical approach when jejuneness culture was taken into account? A. Hall and Handle Which of the following theorists based their analyses on a desire for a democratic account of cultu re, and based their termination to the culture crisis on a desire for a common culture? A.Hall and Handle According to Barnett and Allen (2000), the following form of culture has been largely ignored from the study of the relationship between popular culture and social class A. Music B. New media C. Film D. Fashion The study by Barnett and Allen (2000) compares A. The members of different ethnic and racial groups in terms of their film-viewing B. Members of the upper-middle class and members of the lower- raciest middle class in terms of their filigreeing practices C. Men and women in terms of their film-viewing practices D. III of the above The study by Barnett and Allen (2000) finds that members of the upper-middle class A. Eave viewed more films of all types than lower-middle class members B. Have viewed more art films than the lower-middle class members C. Have viewed more films on videocassette than members of the lower-middle class D. III of the above Katz-Egger (1999) finds that one of the main determinants of leisure-time patterns and music preferences is A. Race B. Education C. Gender D. Class According to Katz-Egger (1999), various studies show African Americans and white Americans participate in the arts at mistakable rates and that the effects of race on highbrow culture participation are weaker than A. Ender B. Income C. Place of residence Lopes (2006) argues that comic books have been A. Considered an important form of popular culture in the U. S. B. Have been post as a form of culture since their introduction in mid-sass C. Have been considered a form of high culture outside the U. S. D. None of the above According to Lopes (2006), low status and stigma are related but differ in distinct says as social phenomena, in such a way that a popular cultural form A. Could have low status but not be stigmatize (e. G. Country music) B. Could have low status and be stigmatize (e. . Rap music) C. That has low status results more negative social effects t han a cultural form that has been stigmatize D. Only A and B Lopes (2006), argues that stigma, as far as a cultural form is concerned, A. Can attach to various social objects, including both forms and practitioners B. Can be global or more specific to genres, styles or social roles C. Stigma usually implies potential harm or pathology . 0 points 1 D. Only B and 24 Answer Key D 24 Question 20 of 2025 Mikhail (1997) claims that the Museum of Modern Arts activities on behalf of animation A. Ere insufficient B. discharge larger questions about cultural value C. Carefully balanced an elitist disdain for mass culture against belief that popular entertainment should be preserved and disseminated as art 1. 0 Points According to Mikhail (1997), art museums fulfill the following role(s) A. Preserve precious objects B. Educate the public C. Set standards by which objects are considered art Question 1 of 20 1. 0 Points Altimeters key contribution to the study of popular culture was focused on theories related to A. Mass culture B. Base/Superstructure relationships C.Hegemony D. Ideology In popular culture studies, organic intellectuals refer to B. Collectives C. Superstructure D. Youth A. Longitudinal Which approach to the study of popular culture sees popular culture as the talks between dominant and subordinate cultures, a language marked by both resistance and incorporation? A. Cultural B. Culture and Civilization Tradition C. Frankfurt School D. Hegemony Which approach to the study of popular culture sees popular culture as a threat to social standards, debilitating the working class, and maintaining social authority?

A Life Changing Moment

I have always perceived my life to be that of the ordinary. I am a man who lived a simple life, and had simple dreams to look up to. Everything changed when I met my girlfriend, HER NAME.She was the roughly extraordinary woman I have ever met. From her aura, down to the little details more or less her personality, one may witness the exceeding confidence she exhibits all throughout her life. She has carefully planned her life the way she wanted it to be.GIRLFRIENDS NAME was simple withal lovable. She would do the things that could make her happy above anything else. She never allowed people to look down on her and prevent her from doing the things that she loved the most. I could say that GIRLFRIENDS NAME had the most impact on me. She encouraged me to set goals and strive hard to be the best that I can be. Through her hard work and dedication, I was animate to do the same thing.My girlfriends great influence in my life made me determined to study and acquire a degree in college. Although we have solely been together for seven months, I felt the great impact she had in my life. Regardless of how big and complicated things were, NAME OF GIRLFRIEND always had enough reasons to pull a face and continue on with life.I started to be more cautious of my actions, and at the same time view life in a more positive way. at one time she told me, Honey, why not try doing something big? It would make you feel a lot better if you were happy with the things that you did, other than do something to appease others.Although said in the most insignificant way, these were the words that stuck in my mind all the time. Every time I would feel bad about myself, I would try to reelect these fond memories with my girlfriend. Then I feel a sense of security, making me forget about my problems more and just give my best and move forward.

Contemporary Chinese female art and artists Essay

IntroductionIn the 1990s, China adopted westernmostern sandwich feminism and it bowd and apace embossed the Chinese feminism concept. there were many themes of exhibition focused on cleaning womanly device and fe puppyish-begetting(prenominal) artisans, an example of this is the Chinese Wo men artificerry Exhibition1Chinese Women Art Exhibition in 1998, the Frauen museum (Womens Museum), Bonn, Germany -, , , , 25. in 1998 and the Century Female Art Exhibition2Century Female Art Exhibition in 1998, the China National Art Gallery, Beijing, China ,, ,,,(),(),(),().(,,,,) (,,,,) (,,,,) in 1998. Only womanish artists could participate in this category of art exhibition. Although the exhibitions revealed the importance of women art in innovative Chinese art, there was no specific description to define the quality of feminine art and feminine person artists. From this it rotter be asked What is Chinese womanly art and is it a category in the making of the modern and e xpress- solar day(a) Chinese art? coetaneous Chinese art frequently referred to as avant-garde art, sustained to expand ever since the 1980s as an improvement of coeval, post-Cultural art developments. During this period, China opened the economic door to land and western influence poured into Chinese culture bringing the concept of feminism in China. Further more(prenominal), Chinese artist were too released from the control of extreme semipolitical pattern, and womanly artists were set somewhat to re- cook their knowledge hear, contri thoing to a gradual awakening of womens mind. Indeed, it is in this naked as a jaybirdly awakened consciousness that Chinese female art in contemporary world can be delineated. In this paper, I would like to discuss how three generation groups of female artists (1980s, 1990s, and overseas) present their workplaces and how they express their female quality by means of those art pieces. Finally, I also would like to bring out the concept and definition of quality of female art in contemporary Chinese art.The 85 New Wave Art movement brought or so many young female artists who devoted themselves to approach the womans temperament of trunk and also found immature routes to present the attention on the female subject. Female artists alongside male artists, expressed their own attitudes towards contemporary China. In the bring downning st terms of this period, women artist paid little attention to their own expression through maintaining with the large scale influence and borrowing from modern western art. However, the nature of contemporary art developed so that the concept of womens artistic consciousness started to emerge.After 1989, neo-expressionism brought new stage in China. Artists, both male and female, started to focus on the essence of human spirit and also emphasized on rational and critical concepts. Womens consciousness began to emerge and women began to explore their own experience and find an appro priate way of expression in contemporary Chinese art. Most female artists pursued to define the essence of womens consciousness or confirm womens consciousness itself. They promoted freedom from tralatitious male-dominated confederation and pursued womens equal position with men. many a(prenominal) women art exhibitions were also held in this period, and female art and female artists began to be paid attention.Since the 1980s, non only local Chinese female artists came about to give rise to Chinese womens art, but some overseas Chinese female artists also worked to this end. They created the works through antithetical experiences and feelings in looking for the essence of womens consciousness. These artists mostly leftfield China after the Cultural Revolution, prior to the social changes in China. They have their unique ways to present their ideas and expressions, like looking dressing to Chinese report and pursuing the art essences that they need.With differences in in the flesh(predicate) backgrounds and generations, female artists in all these three groups have varying and unique ways in presenting their art through distinguishable content and influence. But to Chinese female artists, the intention is to express their female touch and feeling in a ever-changing Chinese companionship in which the womens gender social function is unendingly changing and reshaping. In their art, females in these three groups sh argon not only expressions and feelings based on their female sensitivity but also their observations to social concern. In the following sections, I adopt three contemporary Chinese female artists, Hung Liu, Yu Hong, and Cui Xiuwen, and define the quality of female art through their works.Traditional female role in ChinaMost literature focuses on Chinese culture and memorial with key stresses on the function of language, geography, philosophies, and art. On the other hand, women argon missing in almost all fields. Chinese civilizations culture and arts are male-dominated and male-oriented. Chinese art, whether primordial or contemporary, is art that instigated in or is practiced in China mostly by Chinese male artists. The arts of a friendship mirror mans note values and attitudes. Women were invariably portrayed as preys of observation by men. Moreover, according to I-Jing, women are more naturally aligned with the weird and feelingal bodies, which are more non-linear and spatially oriented (all those yin qualities) while men are more naturally aligned with the mental and physical bodies, which are more linear and temporally oriented (all those yang qualities).3Malin, David. 2006. Creating Sacred Space. Bodymath.com. http//www.bodymath.com/ obligates/archives/Feb06_Creating_Sacred_Space.pdf (February, 2006)Yang is mostly considered more cardinal than yin, and is regarded as of secondary importance. This makes gender roles have typical stereotypes with women always portrayed with weakness and sickness.Chine se women had been confined to the family, at the mercy of their husbands for thousands of years. History and tradition have stifled womens sections. In China, women lived within a friendship dominated by men, where women were not authorized to involve themselves in the public field and consequently were not integrated in diachronic descriptions. For example, in the interdict City, women were not allowed to walk in some public spaces because those spaces were symbolized as the males power and authority. No woman ever took part in the dire ceremonies st ancient before the Hall of Supreme Harmony, which were supreme demonstrations of male ruling power.4Wu, Hung. Beyond Stereotypes The Twelve Beauties in Qing Court Art and the Dream of the vehement Chamber. Writing Women in Late Imperial China, ed. Ellen Widmer& Kang-I Sun Chang, 315-316. Stanford, CA Stanford University Press, 1997.Undertakings by Chinese women highlight the custom of foot binding succeeded from late meter to Mi ng Dynasties and even sustained to several indications into the 20th century. Foot binding has an effect to a degree in all somaes of Chinese women and at a certain(prenominal) point, persuaded women to have bound feet and to dwell in the private sphere of their homes. Having bound feet was directly correlated to Chinese art in modern times.Contemporary Chinese women roleThe year 1976 marked a shift in political, economic, and cultural policy, a shift that erupted out of the self-imported isolation of three cristals and opened China up to the outside world. Western influence started to come into China and brought many new concepts to strike Chinese fraternity. During the 1980s, the western feminism also began to influence and raised rapidly womens consciousness.By the mid-1980s, though, the plethora of newly founded womens magazines explicitly discussed womens problems at work and in the family. The pages of China Womens News were filled with exposs and denunciations of discrim ination faced by women. Feminist outcries began to appear with some regularity in print. This recognition of gender in par also found expression in the emergence of separate womens organizationsschools, professional societies, and womens studies groups.5Hershatter, Gail& Honig, Emily. Feminist Voices. Personal Voices Chinese Women in the 1980s. 308. Stanford, CAStanford University Press, 1988.Women became aware of their unequal state in society and began to pay attention on female issues. In 1990s, new modern women images emerged. Women focused on individual characteristic and pursued their confidence and profession.The new women were as strong and intellectual as men or better, and they could even afford more of what they desire without anymore having to depend on men and be at a lower statute in society. Metropolis ran a special feature on women of talent in its November 1999 issue. One illustration fate a confident woman pointing to the screen of her laptop computer while a male colleague with furrowed brow struggles to comprehend what he sees. An article entitled Thirty Traits of the Talented Woman6Thirty Traits of the Talented Woman explains that the woman should be intelligent, precipitous-witted, well-informed, knowledgeable, well-spoken, and has good taste she is independent, self-respecting, and conscious of womens equality she if principled but gentle, with a good sense of humor, and easy to get along with. She is understanding, generous, and sensitive to the feelings to others, but not suspicious. She is a doer-straightforward, efficient, and self-controlled. She is a bit of a rebel but not confrontational. While she may be attractive to men, her attraction is based on personality, not witness. Her lifetime is well-balanced love is never her only concern. Dadushi (Metropolis) 14 (November 1999) 102-103lists her characteristics.7Julia F. Andrews and Kuiyi Shen. The New Chinese Woman and Life trend Magazines in the Late 1990s. Popular China Unoffi cial Culture in a Globalizing Society. Ed. Perry Link, Richard P. Madsen, and Paul G. Pickowicz, 151. Lanham, Maryland Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2002New modern women were portrayed as beautiful and intellectual individuals. They could stand in the same level in society with men.Contemporary Chinese female artists and worksContemporary Chinese female artists use a lot of ways to express and convey their feelings and this is d whizz effectively in their image. Basically, there are five important themes involved in their works to describe their voice and thought. First, female artists usually use their sensitivity to express womens touch through body and gesture. Body and gesture presentations help artists to voice their opinions and feelings accompanied with their understanding of organism women. Cui Xiuwen8Cui Xiuwen, natural in Heilongjiang, China, 1970. She graduated with MFA from the Central academy of Fine Art, Beijing, China in 1996. Cui Xiuwens works have consist ently engaged themes of sexuality and gender. Her videos show the blurred boundary mingled with public and private, and the kind betwixt history and memory. She uses a wide range of media and subject matters to explore the messages she insufficiencys to pass, bringing disturbing insights to bear on those issues., her series works, Lovers (1999), she creates bold and sensitive blood and intimate activity between man and woman. In the piece, she reveals both straight person and homosexual features, and presents a nervous sexual interaction that hints at Paul Cezannes change. In Lovers 5 (1999), strong and intense orange color background emphasizes the two human figures in the front when having sex, and also marks the nervous and demented atmosphere between them. While seeing this motion picture, the feeling is along with two figures through position, activity, and touch. This is primary human nature and human form however is heterosexual or homosexual. I create themes about gender, not themes about sexuality, she explains. I focus on human beings, only the human form in the world. If you want to know what it is to be human, you have to gain an insight into the relationship between man and woman.9Ma, Maggie. The Colors of Cui Xiuwen. Artzine A Chinese Contemporary Art Portal. http//www.artzinechina.com/display_vol_aid168_en.htmlYu Hongs10Yu Hong, born in Xian,China, 1966. 1995 realise MFA from the Central Academy of Fine arts, Beijing, China. Simple and realistic are the two best words to describe her works. Initially, Yu Hongs paintings coalesce extremely realistic portraits wit unreal surroundings and colorations, suggestion a sense of dislocation from the world. She presents her world and experience through works without any unholy images or ideas. Though paintings often represent a tranquil feeling, they depict the significance of life.Her early work, Nude (1988) was against masculinity appropriation of the spectacle of womans body in the Cultu ral Revolution. She portrays realistically, womans naked body, smooth and soft pose which present the touch and quality of female. Yu Hong reverses the traditional must-be female image. She depicts naked woman body in front only with red high heel shoes. Chinese pictures of the human body, turn or semi-clothed, (in a furtive pornography of specifically erotic pictures), are-to Western eyes-meager, schematic and inadequate.11Angela Zito & Tani E.Barlow.The Body Invisible in Chinese Art?. Body, Subject & Power in China. Chicago The university of Chicago Press. at that place were no naked body images in traditional Chinese pictures, but here Yu Hong presented the naked woman body to represent the true nature and beauty of human form intended against masculinity of the body and tradition.Another type of presentation, like Hung Lius12Hung Liu, born in China on the eve of the Cultural Revolution, 1982 earned her MFA in mural painting from the Central Academy of Fine Art, Beijing, China, immigrated to the United States later on and also earned MFA in visual arts from University of California, San Diego. She is provoke in looking at how women existed in Chinese history for long time. Her works are touched with the painful reality of womens status on China.As a Chinese woman and immigrant in the United States, Hung Liu chooses different ways to identify herself through looking back the Chinese history and enactment female issue on art work. Her paintings are based on late 19th and early 20th century Chinese photographs. Some were interpreted by foreign tourists, while others were taken by the Chinese. Often, the pictures are of beautiful young prostitutes. In traditional Chinese society, prostitutes belong to the low social class and disdained by people. But, indeed, they play an important role during that period, curiously for photograph art and portrait paintings.In her work, Odalisque (1992), she creates a monumental altar to an unnamed woman, a originate of t he century Chinese prostitute. Hung Liu reclaims a place in history for the Chinese prostitute by transforming the small photograph into large scale painting. To the painting, with their flattened surfaces, Liu attaches woody altars, on which she sets small jade-colored vases of glass flowers or tiny embroidered shoes for bound feet. Like the lacquer panels and the lifeless glass flowers, the prostitutes are mere decorations, passive, powerless, and empty in a culture that traditional counted emptiness as a female virtue.13Kim, Elaine H.1996. Bad Women Asian American Visual Artists Hanh Thi Pham, Hung Liu, and Yong Soon Min. Feminist Studies, Inc. http//www.jstor.org/pss/3178131The traditional Chinese clothing of the woman contrasts with the ornate, Western design of the sofa upon which she reclines and the flowered, Victorian-style backdrop. In addition, her gaze turns to the viewer and marks us conscious of viewers role as outside observers. The painting recalls the western artis t, Edouard Manets painting, Olympia (1863). She touches a moment that registers the encounter between a then(prenominal) China and the trope of the prostitute, sexuality as commodity advertised through the relation of displayed body to the gaze of that Western technology, camera. I dont want their stories to be forgotten I dont want them to disappear without a trace. 14Kim, Elaine H.1996. Bad Women Asian American Visual Artists Hanh Thi Pham, Hung Liu, and Yong Soon Min. Feminist Studies, Inc. http//www.jstor.org/pss/3178131As she says, she intends to document the anonymous women in history. Hung Lius painting combines western aesthetics with Chinese subject matter (prostitute), a cross-cultural blend that communicates her unique sense of beauty and emotion to the viewer through extraordinarily ripe handing of paint.Second, family and growing background are the substantial influences to female artist when creating their works. Their works sometimes are revealed the images about fa mily or puerility memory, and even extend to related personal expression and concern. Yu Hong, Witness to Growth (1966-2006), in which Yu Hong uses her own family photographs to create a self-portrait for severally year of her life, and portraits for each year of her daughters life. The idea and composition of paintings dwell deeply in her concerned questions What is the social expectation to female role in our society? How do these expectations build up the life of a woman? In this series of paintings, she not only narrates the story in how growing process, but also how society changes a womans life.Yu Hong discards an enthusiastic and rational thinking, but returns to the history by an imperturbable and objective manner instead. Yu Hong chooses a newspaper or magazine spread to complement each image of painting, and makes connection between private and public area of her own life. Witness to Growth(1995),a painting of herself aged twenty-nine years old, Yu Hongs daughter lying on her body, family burden (role of mother) and society change (modern woman) bring heavy pressure and make her rethink the implication of gender role and seek the balance between those roles.Next to the painting, artist places a contemporaneous China 1995 newspaper depicting women waiting for job prospect. Chinese economy was flourishing rapidly during this period, and it also brought extremely competition in working position. Many women lost jobs, and many young girls lost probability of education. Society change quickly marked negative effect to female and deprived of their chance. At this time, western feminism came into China women began to pursue their equality to men in society and also look for their female identity.This feminism trend aroused women to think about their roles between family and society as mothers and working women. In contrast, one(a) year-old Yu Hongs daughter, she seemed a new generation is growing. A new age is coming. The painting engages the juxtaposi tion of the weight of contemporary Chinas history with the simplicity of life in its purest, most uncomplicated state of being. Here is a relatively quiet life lived in the midst of an almost constant political, cultural, and economic maelstrom. Yu Hong provides the necessary retreat into ordinary that enables the progression of life through the juxtaposition of the photograph and painting.Cultural Revolution was a significant historical event, especially rooted in people who grew up during this period. Hun Lius stunning re performances of historical photographs of Chinese life, which address the cultural collisions she faced while coming of age during the decade of the Cultural Revolution in China. Personal items such as photographs were forbidden during Cultural Revolution, and her family destroyed most of their family photos out of fear. As a result, Hung Liu creates her paintings from anonymous photographs of historical China, particularly with reclaiming the lost histories of n ameless women, has been strongly influenced by the losses she and her family suffered.Many of her paintings depict restrictive Chinese Cultural Revolution Scene and express her voice to against this history. Hung Lius painting, Three Graces (2001), the source photographs for this painting depict women in paramilitary uniforms in do-or-die(a) poses, shown from below to give the appearance of greater height and stature. These fighters for monoamine oxidases cause take to the woods primitive rifles as they march forward to engage in the revolutionary struggle. During the Cultural Revolution, young students and young people were mobilized by Chinese government, called red guards or Hong Wei Bing. The Hong Wei Bing traveled throughout China, going to schools, universities, and institutions, spreading the teaching of Mao.They aimed to attack the old society (old ideas, cultures, manners, and customs) with violence, but indeed they followed blindly by governments propaganda. And the Cult ural Revolution also put young intellectuals and artist like Hung Liu into the rice fields to be re-educated by peasants. Hung Liu chooses plain clothes worn by the women in the original photographs with flowers, painted in the traditional Chinese style.The drips of oil paint that enliven the paintings surface are a part of Western praxis with its reference to the personifications of beauty, charm, and grace. As she says, The oil washes and drips hat seep through my paintings contributes to a sense of loss while dissolving the historical authenticity of the photographs I paint from. Color is a way of making contact with subjects that are fading into the gray tones of history.15Going Away, feeler Home 80 Blessings from Oakland Artist hung Liu. Port Of Oakland. http//www.museumca.org/press/pdf/Liu%20fact%20sheet%20fnl.pdfThrough this revolutionary background, Hung Liu had experienced a deep touch. This painting not only looks for the memory of girls but also expresses Hung Lius feel ing of the Cultural Revolution through the image and drip.Third, artists look for identifying womens importance and missing recognition of social status because women in society are always ignored and made to play an unimportant role. Indeed, they are actually as significant as men in our world. Hung Lius paintings often narrate identity and story issues. She documents in her art the forgotten lives of anonymous people, especially those of women. She tries to recall their erased identity from society and appear their stories and meaning of innovation back.Her work, We have Been Naught We Shall Be all(2007), a series of three canvases edged by bands to mimic widescreen film format, those works are inspired by Daughters of China (1949), a Ling Zifeng film based on the heroic actions of a group of women officers and soldiers during the Sino-Japanese War. Hung Lius empathetic response to the final moments of the women, as they carry a wounded comrade into the river to draw away enemy f ire from the Chinese Resistance fighters, brings to the fore the theme of personal sacrifice. The images of women are taken by realistic presentation, Hung Liu bases on original photographic image of film.She reserves womens face without any color and intends to keep their original identify and recall their heroic dignity, accompanied by respect. The paintings from left to right, it seems catching the moment and movement when women carrying the wounded body toward the front. Hung Liu uses the yellow color on three canvases, the background of left painting is coloring yellow, yellow is on wounded body and womens figures of central canvas, and only little yellow color on right canvas.Moreover, yellow symbolizes the sharp memory. Hung Liu arranges the yellow on three canvases perfectly along with womens action and moment. This presents a balance between image and time. Her art work is concerned about what has been lost in transit between female and history. Hung Liu desires to give tho se nameless women place in history, and she would like to identify those women as significant heroes in our society.As Hung Lius concept, Yu Hong creates the She series to portray the spirit and lives of women. The meaning of existence in our world is then recorded. Different career women have also played different roles to show their importance. She-security guard, Yu Hong arranges one photographic image picked by security guard aside with one oil painting made by her. The photographic image is taken in front of the museum in her leisure time. Security guard wears white shirt with likely smile.In the photo, she raises her hand and poses YA. Contrary to the next, the painting shows her working place. She wears yellow ochrecolor uniform and concentrate on her job with highly respect. The light is the parking light seems leading us to take a regard on her working place and tries to understand her work. Artist organizes this placement purposely and intent to show the importance of sec urity guard in society.Yu Hong depicts the portrait image to let audience snoop security guards life between working place and personal life. She is the individual with singularity no one can replace her in this career position. Yu Hong still presents her realistic style on paintings, and she intends to record different modern female in different levels of life. As she says, If life can move slower, people can notice and pay attention in every detail and experience. I wish life could be freed from the restraint, so the essence of real life could be queered. 16, , . ,, . Enjoy the Life-Yu Hong. Febay.com. http//www.febay.com.cn/magazine/ArticleShow.asp?ArticleID=18433 (April, 2007)Yu Hong represents the reality of space on womans personal life and working life, elegant skills on portrait image, and female sensibility on womans experience. She also represents an inner desire of a female artist be responsible and conscious of womens social status.Fourth, the present reality of sadness and pain of Chinese women who are suffering under a cruelly male-dominated world illustrate the image to repugn traditional patriarchy. In the works of Hung Liu, she has examined foot binding, practiced in China from the Song Dynasty until the beginning of the twentieth century. Many Chinese womens feet were bound from birth to artificially confine their growth, distorting them into small, twisted fists that were sexually attractive to men. The painful, deforming practice of foot binding was used to make a Chinese woman walk in an extremely difficult way, but their mincing steps were considered delicate and lovely. Bound feet left women handicapped, which also ensured that they remained subservient.Moreover, it stressed the value of appearance while making a virtue of hiding ones pain and suffering, making it a combination of esthetics and cruelty. In one piece of her work called Bonsai (1992), Hung Liu placed a photograph next to an anatomical line drawing showing the cross-secti on of a human body flanked on either side by Chinese characters. The only decipherable physiognomic attributes in this figural drawing are the heart, what appears to be a spine, and a suggestion of intestinal organs.What are most astonishing observations about this drawing are the absence of legs and the egg shape of the figure that almost mirrors the contour of the woman in the photograph. By placing these two images within the same interpretive context. Hung Liu has reinforced the notion of the womans incapacitated movement. Womans physical movement had been limited by the mutilation of her feet in the same way that a tiny bonsai tree is confined to restrict its growth. She had been bound by Chinese societal and cultural practices as an object of male gratification. Hung Liu shows the Chinese aesthetic tradition with cruel reality in male- dominated society. She also presents how unfair beauty standards were to women in the long period.As a Chinese woman, the piece would make a y ou think about your grand grandmother or grandmother suffering this pain in order to play mens taste and standard. Her art work is concerned about what has been severed from the surroundings. She touches the sadness and painful reality of womens status in China. As a woman, she uses her sensibility to depict and voice for womens gender role. From her paintings, not only narrate stories but also represent true reality in our society.The young artist Cui Xiuwen creates bold, sensitive caricatures of works as Intersection Series in 1998. In the piece, she records the full front side of a mans naked body and dressed a young girl holding a rose. The painting is also done in connection with Cezannes colors and narrative story-telling and nervous relationship between female and male. Cui Xiuwen colors the girls dress and dog on green color. Green color symbolizes the security measures from fears and anxieties connected with the demands of others (men). The rose is represented as girls pu re virginity which is inviolate. Girls face also reveals innocence.On the contrary, man genitals are bit off by girls dog, blooding through his underwear. His extremely fearful and shocking face shows on his face with opened mouth and bountiful eyes. In traditional Chinese society, patriarchy dominates the world and power. Genitals are the symbol of patriarchy. Cui Xiuwen boldly challenges to patriarchic society and tries to reverse the social position between female and male.In traditional Chinese art, art is confined to the men society. Women always played being viewed characters men played viewer roles, but here, the artist breaks traditional art concept and reverses art presentation. The reversal shows Cui Xiuwens stance on the feminism. She makes up fictional story image to express her own challenging patriarchic desire. Intensive and extraordinary color and story throw a huge stone to the eyes of the audience. This also brings new dispute to contemporary Chinese society.Finall y, concern about female and social issues, the year 1976 marked a shift in political, economic, and cultural policy, a shift that opened China up to the outside world. Afterward, society is changing rapidly. There are more and more social issues emerged such as teen-age crime and pregnant teen-age girl. Social value shifts to haywire path. Artists see this situation and use observations to bring the problem and question to audience. Yu Hong, she approaches new art presentation on work up and Ground.The works portrays some young girls practicing gymnastics. Images seem simple, but paintings neatly summarized a sophisticated thread of thought the artist has been developing over the years, and they express that thought in a way that ties the works visually to certain aesthetic principles found in traditional Chinese painting. As a group, paintings represent a fresh vision and a new level in artists oeuvre. Each painting in the series depicts from one to three girls against a blank gr ound, bent into writhed positions as they practice gymnastics.Yu Hong bases the paintings on photographs she took at her daughters gymnastics class. The girls wear macabre leotards in addition to some combination of tight black pants, black and white striped shirt, and black slippers. As the artist has said, the paintings are all about girls doing artistic gymnastics. People, especially girls, have to change themselves to suit society. The images are a simple but highly effective metaphor for the place of young girls in contemporary society.17Erickson, Britta. Figure and Ground Yu Hongs gymnastic exercise series. Yu Hong. Beijing, China Loft.Although the students in Yu Hongs daughters gymnastics class range in age from six to teenage, the age of the girls portrayed in Figure and Ground is narrowed to about nine to twelve. Those are the years when girls move from childhood to puberty and begin to come under the heavy pressure of societys expectations. Teenage is a special period, a nd it is easy to lead a child to wrong path.Cui Xiuwens strength and certainty seems to have naturally change into a desire of the home, of having a family, and in a wish, difficult to admit but naturally inevitable, of maternity. This is what the images of her work, Angel, inspire. Artist approaches her own sensitive observation to original social issue related to young age girl. This work does not want to comment a social and universal situation. It brings up the awareness and the identification of an individual as a singular feeling. Cui Xiuwen wants to express how a young mother, especially teen-age mother in China feels and what fears she has to face. She uses a young model to create strong emotions. Rows of white young girls, ghost like girls, and the same girl repeated over, and in the same state of pregnancy, but the figures are positioned at diverse scales, which express the different types of fear they have.Alone, staring at the horizon, scared and worried in a proces sion that goes from the Forbidden City and gallops on what can be a highway such as the Beijing ring road o the expressway to the airport. This represents the time when society is changing, and girls are unable to go back to the prior time and have no choice but to go forwardt. They look at the front but only darkness is surrounding them.No longer wishing to see the outside world, reality, nor to be confronted by it or to have to deal with it, is the artists explanation. Falling pregnant has distinctly different meanings and implications at different ages of woman. Both for the woman and it terms of how the external world judges the fact. Do they applaud or condemn. Cui Xiuwen asks Can a woman choose to have a baby alone, single, because she bows to maternal instinct, and does not feel the need to be married?18Smith, Karen. Photo series Angel of 2006 and One day in 2004. Catalog of DF2 Gallery. Los AngelesDF2 GalleryCui Xiuwen brings the question to make the audience aware about th e young pregnant girls problem rather than criticize her . She uses retrospective manner to represent the image on her works. Her works do not strike us, nor are they extraordinarily critical, but rather leave significant questions in our minds.ConclusionYu Hong, Cui Xiuwen, and Hung Liu though are being in different generation groups they all aim to represent female qualities and voice for women through their works. Yu Hong was brought into the world at the start of the Cultural Revolution in 1966, during which almost every aspect of Chinese life was being re-evaluated. When re-examining the historical evidence and cultural production of the period, it becomes difficult to imagine life being brought into the world during such a period of upheaval. In many cultural products that are marketed as personal memories, the political economic situation is placed directly into the foreground of the narrative, and personal details become a way of contextualizing the nations story.Yu Hongs me thod of storytelling makes the personal much more central. Her generation, is a group existing between old (artists were trained as Russian realists) and young (artists were influence by emancipation movement) generations. Yu Hongs works always present old tradition concept (family as central start point) and new social concept which is related to social issues. Cui Xiuwen has been called many things-avant-garde, transgressive, feminist, controversial, and even over-the-top-buts never creatively stagnant. She is born a new kind of human, who grew up in a relatively open social environment and came of age in the increasingly more globalised information age. Her paintings and later photographs are always with frank depictions of human sexuality and controversial issues, which present her ideas and feelings about the new modern society.But Hung Liu, she was born in 1948 in China. During the Cultural Revolution, she was sent to the country to work in the fields and be reeducated. Hung L iu studied the acceptable artistic style of Socialist Realism while in China. After immigrating to San Diego, she learned that it is important for an artist to think and that art is intertwined with, not separate from life. Her works depict the cultural mixing that takes place when an individual moves to a new country and also reality of hidden history in China. She much focuses on historical sources to present the image of reality. Three generation group of artists have their own unique presentations through their works and also are influenced on their own social backgrounds.But, female are the most important image and concepts of their commonality of works. By focusing on a female rather than on a male, three artists challenge a tradition of patriarchy. In the art pieces, the narrator (three female artists) and the protagonists (female image in works) are all women. As such, they present the viewer with a distinctively female view of the world. In historical constructions, womens lives were generally touched only indirectly in contrast to their fathers, husbands, or brothers. Yu Hong, Cui Xiuwen, and Hung Liu show the womens lives being immediately influenced by the external world and also their existence and importance in our society.History, society, and family have been great influences upon the development of female art in China. Because of the heaviness that Chinese women have faced from a patriarchal society, female art exhibit intense emotions of sadness, pain, and revolution against the male dominated Chinese social stratification. There are many paintings, and photographs that depict the detrimental state that Chinese women were in during the more rigid periods of Chinese history. Various works of art from photos to paintings show female opposition against various Chinese traditions that have oppressed their gender for generations.Many female artists who driven by extreme emotion focused on work that mirrored their sense of retribution against male dominance. Art work that feature females turning the tables on men are common among more liberal female artists. There is also a lot of work that defy traditional Chinese art that is also patriarchal. Such works make use of non-conventional materials and subjects as a way to challenge the male dominated norms. This shows an image of the Chinese female artist as someone who wants to break free from an oppressive condition through the use of personal expression.The qualities linked with the use of the expression in art for them taking account of use of words importantly as the innermost artistic element, simplification, appropriation, representation of user or popular culture as well as art itself. The artists believe that art makes people realize the truth-at least(prenominal) the truth that is given to all to understand, and brings back eliminated women state in Chinese tradition.Chinese female artists have become more motivated to do art not only because of talent, but they conv ey reality and truth through art. In currently modern world, the majority is focusing on economic flourishing, globalization, and new technology. Most people have forgotten the essence of life and the simple things that make us live along with the many troubles of humanity and theses contemporary Chinese female artists, through exploring modern art are still preserving the real essence of making art and what art means to them, and the female artists also discover their own experience and find an appropriate way of expression in Chinese art.In relation to this, the female artist thus gives superior importance to the role of women in Chinese society. Many daring works aim to recognize female contribution to the family, government, and society which goes more often than not undistinguished in past generations. Here the Chinese female artists aim to open viewers hearts and minds to the true worth of the Chinese woman. Works of art that show how important Chinese women are also tend to show how much they are taken for granted.The Chinese woman artist was also found to be sensitive with the changing times. As society evolved over years of political, economic, and social change, so did female artistry change with it. In fact, female art can be reason to be much more versatile than Chinese male art which is considered more traditional and unyielding to time. Another difference duly noted between male and female works of art in China was that females tend to express more depth and daringness in terms of depicting sensual subjects. days of yearning for equality with their male partners have also implied years of dissatisfaction with how males see copulation rituals. The outlet of this repression can be observed with how meaningful and rich Chinese female works of sensual art are.The female artist takes her time to craft the intricate details that add flavor to a romantic scene. The female artist is able to bring out the humanity of a sensitive scene and does not confi ne the subject to feral lust. Instead, the focus is upon the intimateness of interaction that is not meant to sexually arouse but rather to emotionally move viewers. Lastly, the image of the Chinese female artist is one that is deeply devoted to the value of family. Influences from childhood memories can be seen in the works of many female artists and is regarded as a sense of personal beauty added to general themes.Those are the themes that provide the boilersuit picture in which female art is framed. Chinese female art can be compared to a strong, demanding voice that echoes the grievances of an oppressed gender and outwardly shows how important it is and why people should take notice. It is forceful and bold, more than willing to reject the norms in order to convey its meaning to an internal society that it deems as largely unsympathetic to their concerns. At the same time, female art is delicate and sweet, showing not intent to please but a true expression of beauty.Lastly, it c an be concluded that female art is greatly influenced by changing times and each generation of female artists have their own issues to face which are reflected in the works that they produce. Despite female art showing the capability of female artists, it is also a representation of quality artistic work. These qualities contents highly essence of female touch and voice, and also produce with strong female expression through the artworks. Female art is not only made by female artist, on contrary, it is an art with enthusiastic female quality.These five categories of female quality present the sense of female beauty and expression, artists sensitivity of women, and extraordinary and skillful handling of paint. Observe the female art movement in the western society and Chinese society, there is no gap between them. In the west or China, the essence of quality of female art has maintained the same content and concept.In recently decade, female consciousness emerges and brings new conce pt to women. Women begin to understand themselves more and express their feelings to others. With a modern course of awareness in Chinese contemporary art in the global market, Chinese female artist are expectant that they will reach their ultimate objective Chinese female artist must have a say. They will continue to explore and find a new way to express their art and voice for women, and the quality of female art will also get more abundant themes.

America and the world in the years to come

Alternate evokes refer to power bloods, which are not based on the burning of fossil burns or nuclear fusion. Sustainable efficacy strategies are essential at this point if in that location has to be a security in energy supply for America and the realness in the years to come. This is compounded by the fact that every effort is being made to reduce the greenho engage effect. Fossil fuels are becoming and impart continue to be less favourable as advance in the 21st century (Wells 2005) Growing technology in alternate fuels includes alternate fuel vehicles, fuel cells.Much of the efforts in clean energy have focused on hydrogen applications in the transportation sector. Stationary power and electrical energy has attracted little focus, or even a combination of the devil (Lipman and Brooks 2006) United posits is adjust for the use of alternate fuels as energy sources. The c tout ensemble for America now is on the job(p) towards an energy security ensuring a sustainable futu re in energy needs. The needs for energy and power in the time come forecasted to keep growing (Holilian and Mayes 2003)America and totally developed and developing nations need now more than ever before to ensure and secure their freedom from overseas oil dependence. Measures to energise thither should take an all-out, no bounds approach as the faster we get there the better for the country. Millions of US dollars will be saved by bring down petroleum imports to the country. The economy will as well as be streng and soed (Jim Wells 2005). Countries uniform Brazil are already able to fuel nearly cardinal percent (70%) of their vehicles in the country with ethanol, replacing oil as the primary fuel.That office that it is indeed possible to achieve freedom from foreign oil dependence. Nations all over the world are running for the same energy resources. With tensions in Iraq, Iran and Venezuela growing, accelerated by the equally growing demand for fossil oils, the strain cann ot be trusted. Oil prices have been too unstable, hitting records highs per barrel in the recent past. Due to this factor, America can not help but be ready for alternate fuel sources or else it might have a hard time fuelling its economy in the near future.America is also ready for alternate fuel because the technology for utilization of alternate sources already exists. Whether it is fuel cells, or ethanol production plants or solar panels in different specifications, or wind mill of unlike sizes or even cars meeting specifications for use of alternate fuels, all these and various opposite technologies beg to be exploited maximally in society to achieve energy efficiently general motors alone has built more than 1. 5 million ethanol compliant vehicles (Giney Lee, Holilian and Mayes 2003)America is ready because, use of alternate sources means a better economy and employment opportunities for the American people. Exploiting use of alternate energy sources means the products produ ced locally gain added value. Businesses in the energy sector get to do more business. Expatriates in renewable energy get to do more. Research and development efforts by the department of energy get more enmeshed and provide more energy solutions. The rural America gets cheaper energy sources. In essence it is a plus for the economy. Finally, America is ready because, the world trend is paltry towards a cleaner, greener environment.Insisting on use of fossil fuels provide no opportunities for the reduction of the green-house effort (Gordon 2001 . Use of alternate fuel sources means a cleaner environment, trim back carbon emissions and less toxic waste in our environment. A look at the various optious available for the US economy is inorder. Petrol, diesel and natural float engines can be replaced by hydrogen-fuel cells. Hydrogen energy stations or power parks are becoming a consistent development indoors the United States. These energy stations would use fuel cells for electri city. Production by a stream of pure hydrogen (Lipman and Brooks 2006)Normally hydrogen is simply delivered or produced at a station using a fuel reformer, then compressed and supplied. Energy stations have the advantage that they can meld integrated systems for electricity production such that there is some for use within the precincts or supplies to the local grid, it can use any waste-heat for warming or cooling the building and use the purified hydrogen to fuel cars. There is potential for the growth of hydrogen as an alternative source. Various states are developing and early(a)s already finished their plans for the hydrogen revolution.State plans have completed in California, Ohio, New York, Florida, Massachusetts and Connectient are in their planning stages. Incorporating hydrogen stations into these plans would help to get there faster. Opportunities exist too for fleet based agreements with the state authorities such that hydrogen stations become feasible projects. There is potential in two private and public investment in hydrogen energy. grain alcohol can be blended directly in petrol. Blends of up to 20% can be done without engine modifications. Dependant on the ethanol quality, ethanol blended diesels fuels need the use of emulsifiers and stabilizers.Ethanol is easily guaranteed from corn or even other grains equal sorghum or other biomass alike(p) corn cobs, cornstalks, wheat, straw, rice straw, switch grass, vegetable and forestry waste. It is very ideal as a gasoline mixture for its tycoon to increase the near-complete combustion of gasoline, which means it is environmentally friendly. It can be produced in large quantities and of course its capital outlay is quite reasonable, it ends up benefiting the corn and other grain farmers by giving them right value for their product.Especially in rural America, ethanol is fast becoming highly demanded fuel. With a higher demand, has come also a high production. More plants are coming up and exist ing ones expanding capacity. Some farmers have together to put up ethanol production plants too. Ethanol has attracted investment from quarters like Bill Gates of Microsoft, Sir Richard Branson of the virgin Atlantic group, Vinold Khosla of the Silicon Valley wal-mart stores and also Shell and Exxon Mobil. This is bound to have a coercive impact on the ethanol industry in the US.Wind energy is another available alternate energy source. It is clean and hence very fetching as an environmental friendly source of energy. The department of energy has increasingly invested in wind-generated power. In 2005, America improved its wind capacity more any other single nation in the world, bringing its overall national wind energy capacity to 9,149 megawatts. In the year that followed 2,454 megawatts of power were added totaling to a capacity of 11,603 megawatts. With initiatives like wind powering America the use of wind as an alternate wind source is bound to keep growing.Solar energy is ano ther alternative and renewable source of energy. Also clean and it can be defined as heat or electricity from the sun when it hits a solar cell, when it hits an absorber surface and devolves heat energy, when it hits a solar sail in a space craft, causing motion, when it hits a light causing it to rotate or when carried through fibre optic cables to give lighting in a building. Wave and fidal power are also used at the ocean frouts. Waves yield more energy than tides.America is yet to hard experiment with this kind of energy source. Another biofuel that is available is the use of biogas that uses biomass from cows. It is still relatively used in small areas in America unlike countries like Sweden and Finland which 17% and 19% of their demand with biofuels. Looking at the various alternatives available to us, it appears like hydrogen would be the best for the reasons that it offers a unique combination of electricity generation, thermal energy and hydrogen production within an ener gy station (Lipman and Brooks).This co-generation ability means a much higher efficiently in energy conversion. Eventually that means lowered fuel costs, improved economics and increased energy security. The energy stations, due ability in different designs have various functional and economic trade-offs. How and medium temperature fuel cell design come in three varieties. The proton exchange membrane alkaline (PEM), and the phosphonic acid one. Current estimates for all three ranges from two thousand five hundred ($2, 5000) dollars to four thousand dollars ($4,000) per kilowatt of energy.The high temperature fuel cell design comes in two varieties viz. molten carbon and unwavering oxide. Current estimates for the same are three thousand dollars ($3,000) to four thousand dollars ($4,000) per kilowatts. The hydrogen engine generation set which features a generator estimates currently at about three thousand dollars ($3,000) per kilowatt. Future estimates for the low and medium tem perature fuel cell design oscillate betwixt two thousand and fifty dollars to one thousand five hundred dollars ($250-$ 1, 5000) per kilowatt of energy.The high temperature fuel cell design future estimates for molten carbon and solid oxide averages two hundred and fifty dollars to one thousand dollars ($250-1, 000) per kilowatt. The hydrogen engine generator sets estimate for the future is five hundred dollars ($500) per kilowatt (Lipman and Brooks 2006). The costs refer to the initial capital costs to enable an energy station to start operations. The costs associated will of course vary in solve areas depending on availability of facilities and the operating and maintenance costs.Economically the stations end up as more attractive options than sets that are dedicated entirely as hydrogen refueling systems. The transportation department seems to have a critical role in all this. It is by default, that the transport sector consumes the bulk of the fuel. institutionalise has a crit ical role to play in fictionalizing all sectors. Due to this factor, it is possible to use the transport department in organizations, government agencies and commercial fleets as change agents in introducing the new fuels.The use of hydrogen cells for example, require a considerably big fleet to make it commercially viable (Lipman and Brooks 2006) State projects could enter into memorandum of understanding with shuttle fleets and pools of cars owned jointly to have, them as stakeholders in implementation of energy blue prints. Beginning from here, the change can then spread to other people within the society. It is imperative for the federal government and individual state government to focus on the introduction of sustainace and development use of alternate energy source if America has to remain able to supply its energy needs in the long run.Hydrogen and ethanol are all attractive options for the America economy and further research and development efforts need to be initiated. Fu nding is also necessary as well as building cooperation between public and private sectors. The states should be ready to offer funding, information and other incentives to take stakeholders to attract investment. In the face of all this, regulatory mechanisms are crucial to ensure that the public actually benefit from the emerging technologies. References Jeffrey M Gordon 2001 solar energy issues position papersJames and James/Earthscan. Pp. 23-56. Lipman E Timothy and Brooks Cameron 2006 hydrogen energy statious poly-production of electricity, hydrogen and thermal energy pp 5-23 Jim Wells 2005. University of California. Meeting energy demand in the 21st century many challenges and key questions testimony before the subcommittee on energy and resource, committee on government reform, House of Representatives. Diane publishing Louise Gieny-lee, Peter Holilian and Fred Mayer. Renewable energy annual 2002 with preliminary data fro 2002 2003. Diane publishers pp 13-20

Barefoot running

Athletics is one of the study sports in the world with racecourse being the key event. The major debate relating to ladder concerns the benefits of raceway bargon stern over running in shoes. Hersher (2010) argues that there is a growing trend of athletes going shoeless and taking on the lifestyle of running bare pedestal. Quite a number of well known international athletes have effectively completed barefoot. Barefoot running in long distance events is clearly not a hindrance to mathematical process (Montgomery, 2010).Numerous studies have been conducted to determine the most appropriate mode of dressing during running this includes running in shoes and barefoot running. Proponents of barefoot running, as indicated by Montgomery (2010), argue that it enhances foot biomechanics and also pares happen to injury. My concern on the issue of barefoot running increased after realizing that quite a number of runners complete in bare feet during major events. This review is aimed at showing that running barefoot increases performance and reduces the risk of injury.Benefits of barefoot running Studies, according to Barkoviak (2010), have revealed that people who run barefoot greatly avoid heel-striking and instead land on the mid fraction of the foot. As a result these runners utilize the architecture of the foot and leg in addition to some physics devised by Isaac Newton to prevent change and potentially hurtful effects, which are two to three times equal the body weight, that shod heel-strikers repeatedly undergo through (Warburton, 2001).Barefoot runners are at an gain as compared to those who run in shoes, because they subject their feet to minimal damage due to the fact that they hold their feet differently (Hersher, 2010). They land on the midsection or the front of their foot thereby greatly reducing impact hitting. People who run in shoes, on the other hand, generate a very high collision impact when they heel-strike. Barefoot runners tend to land w ith a bouncy step toward the front of the foot.Barefoot runners also tend to stretch out their toes more at get this helps them avoid collision by reducing the effective weight of the foot that suddenly comes to a stop after landing and through a peppy leg (McDougall, 2010). A lot of people think that barefoot running is dangerous and hurtful, but in reality an individual can run on the worlds hardest and roughest surfaces without experiencing any discomfort or pain. However heel-striking is painful when running barefoot (McDougall, 2010).This is because it causes a great collisional force every time a foot lands on the ground. Modern running shoes are designed in such a way as to make heel-striking comfortable and easy. The padded heels, of modern shoes, reduce the force of impact and as a result make heel-striking less punishing. However, people who run in shoes only use a slight percentage of their leg muscles. On the contrary, barefoot runners use different muscles of their l egs (Warburton, 2001). As a result the strength of their calf and foot muscles is developed rapidly (Warburton, 2001).Studies, as Barkoviak (2010) asserts, have revealed that damage to the foot muscles is higher in people who run in shoes as compared to those who run barefoot. It has been discovered that chronic damage to gussy up and connective meander in the legs are uncommon in developing countries, where people usually run barefoot, as compared to developed countries, where it is rare to find a person running barefoot (McDougall, 2010). Running shoes tends to aggravate the risk of plantar fasciitis in addition to other chronic damage of the lower outgrowth through adjusting the transfer of shock to muscles as well as other supporting structures (Montgomery, 2010).Montgomery (2010) argues that running in shoes makes the small muscles in the legs to weaken, and the connective tissue and natural arches to stop functioning properly. Shoes insert orthotics as well as extra padding , which results in poor foot biomechanics and increase in the risk of damage to the foot, leg, and the knees (Hersher, 2010). Muscles, tendons, and ligaments of barefoot runners are stronger as compared to those who run in shoes. This strength helps them develop a more natural gait thereby improving the ease of athletes along with helping them stay connected with their environment.Barefoot running is also economically beneficial, in regards to the energy cost of running, as compared to running in shoes. Research, according to Barkoviak (2010), has shown that change magnitude the amount of mass on the feet increases the rate of oxygen consumption. Running barefoot is as Warburton (2001) argues, beneficial as it reduces the rate of oxygen consumption thereby enabling athletes to compete effectively. However, as a disadvantage, it is impossible to run barefoot in some weather conditions due to minimal foot protection. Running shoes are very beneficial in extreme weather conditions a s they play a protective role.Conclusion Barefoot running is more beneficial a compared to running in shoes. There is a growing trend of athletes going shoeless and taking on the lifestyle of running barefoot. Proponents of barefoot running argue that it enhances foot biomechanics and also reduces risk to injury. People who run barefoot greatly avoid heel-striking and utilize the whole architecture of the foot and leg thereby enhancing the development of their foot muscles, ligaments and tendons. Damage to bone and connective tissue in the legs is less common in people who run barefoot.Muscles, tendons, and ligaments of barefoot runners are stronger as compared to those who run in shoes. Running barefoot is beneficial as it reduces the rate of oxygen consumption thereby enabling athletes to compete effectively. Reference Barkoviak M. , (2010), Study Running Barefoot break in Than Wearing Running Shoes, Retrieved on whitethorn 1, 2010 from http//www. dailytech. com/Study+Running+Bar efoot+ Better+Than+Wearing+Running+Shoes/article17535. htm Hersher R. , (2010), Barefoot running easier on feet than running shoes New research castsdoubts on some major assumptions, retrieved on May 1, 2010 from http//harvardscience. harvard. edu/foundations/articles/barefoot-running-easier-feet-running-shoes McDougall C. , (2010), Born to Run A Hidden Tribe, Superathletes, and the Greatest Race the founding Has Never, ISBN 0307279189 Vintage Books Montgomery B. , (2010), Barefoot Running Should You Ditch Your Running Shoes and Bare it All? Retrieved on May 1, 2010 from http//walking-runningtraining. suite101. com/article .cfm/barefoot-running Warburton M. , (2001), Barefoot Running, retrieved on May 1, 2010 from http//www. sportsci .org/jour/0103/mw. htm

Best Practices in Managing the Human Factors of HR Management Literature Review Essay

kind Resource Management is one of the most squ are functions in an enterprise. However, there are unlike factors that are impacting on HRM. Human Factors has its origins in the Industrial Revolution and emerged as a full-fledged discipline during foundation War II. It was recognized that aircraft cockpit design needed to consider the human interface for controls and displays. Design Engineers were focused on the technology while Industrial Psychologists effected to optimize the interface.In some cases, Human Factors design can affect bottom-line profitability or can be a life and death matter, e. g. , you dont deficiency to push the wrong button or mistake meters for kilometers in a spacecraft. Companies came to realize that a products success is dependent upon good Human Factors design. Human Factors are very important for the successful operation of the company. The term human factors is to a large extent synonymous with the term ergonomics Human Factors Integration explore w ith plea Technology Center is Human Factors Integration is the process adopted by a number of key industries (notably defense like United Defense and hazardous industries like oil & gas like Shell) in Europe to integrate human factors elements into the systems engineering process. Although each industry has a slightly different domain the underlying approach is the same. HFI undertakes this by conducting a formal process that identifies and reconciles human related issues.These issues are split for convenience into domains. Manpower The number of force and civilian personnel required and potentially available to operate, maintain, sustain and provide training for systems Page 2 Personnel The cognitive and physical capabilities required to be able to train for, operate, maintain and sustain systems. Training The instruction or education, and on-the-job or unit training required to provide personnel their necessary job skills, knowledge, values and attributes.Human Factors Engin eering The integration of human characteristics into system definition, design, development, and evaluation to optimize human-machine performance under operational conditions. Health Hazard mind Short or long term hazards to health occurring as a result of normal operation of the system. System safeguard Safety risks occurring when the system is work in an abnormal manner. Strengths Indentifying the Problem, Evaluation and solving issues weakness Psychological Human Factors are not treated.Motorolas Human Factors Engineering One of the trump out rehearse in Managing Human Resource is HFE, Firstly implemented by Motorola, USA in 1984 is considered as the best for employees. In Research with HFE, Motorola is commonly thought of as how companies design tasks and work areas to maximize the efficiency and quality of their employees work. However, Motorola HFE comes into everything which involves people. Work systems, sports and leisure, health and safety should all embody Human Factors principles if well designed.Strengths Employee Determination at work, Safety & Health and Low Stress methods. Weakness More importance to Leisure time and found some Low Production. Page 3 Encourage Employee study Growth of a company is closely linked to employee development within the organization where each employee plays a vital role in the success of the company. Employee harvesting has direct and indirect benefits. More knowledgeable, skilled and capable employees directly impact your companys ability to satisfy customers, resolve problems and crises, and adapt to changing food market conditions.Paying for an employees continuing professional education, for example, can help your company gain expertise in new technologies and markets, which can save you money in the long run. This type of practice is found in Coco Cola, where are often send to Trainings on different process. Strengths Motivational to Employee and Long guardianship periods. Weakness Cost effective an d Time Taking Process. Work Life Balance The term work life balance was coined in 1986 in response to the go up trend Human Factors in schooling of the Company.The employee Psychological benefits are taken into consideration with many instructions like watch positive, stay in control, Stay healthy, Divide and de-clutter, Keep stress under control and other safety measures. This helps the companies to maintain good relations with the employees and make them as the best factor of production. In Research with General Electric which follows Work Life Balance as a practice to develop Human Factors. Strengths High Production Facility, Long Retention and Safe Employee and Company Relations.Weakness Only limited to Companies with Large Scale of Production Facilities. Page 4 Corporate Mentoring Programs Corporate Mentoring Programs are like article of faith classes where employees are motivated to the work and work environment, making employee coordinated towards work. Therefore, compani es have started to place greater emphasis on personal attributes while selecting and developing staff. This brings a number of benefits to the business, not the least of which is a cohesive team. On going development of employee potential is critical for business success.Corporate mentoring programs are effective in quickly ramping up employee performance because they facilitate the transfer of business knowledge in a way that is not quite possible in rhythmical training. Strengths Every Effective Approach in Developing Human Factors, Human Psychological Advantage and Growth Oriented. Weakness Very Systematic Approach. Metrics to prize the Practices Human Factors Integration (HFI) implemented by Defense sectors is only related to Large Scale industries although it has all the factors of Human Factors. Key Performance Indicator of Human Factor Integration(HFI) is the Objective oriented and Specific Tasking.Motorolas Human Factors Engineering is also related to tasking and other rel ations, not dealing with the Psychological factors of the Employees. Encourage Employee Development is training method to make them work in stress and problems, No personal and physical importance is not given to the employees. During this Research we found that the best Practice that develops the Human Factors in the company is Corporate Mentoring Programs, where the employees are motivated on the work and provide various benefits including safety and stress free work Page 5 environment.Research with Minnesota University, I found that more than 80% of the companies in United States uses this Corporate Mentoring Programs. References Creating a Mentoring Culture The Organizations Guide, 2007 A Strategic Approach To Corporate Mentoring Programs, CEO World Magazine, 2006 Human Factors & Methods Robert Stanley Edition 2, 2006 ergonomics Society, UK Human Resource Management Programs at Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Research Center for Work Safety and Human Engineering, Te chnion, Israel. Motorola HR Practices, www. motorola. com

Women Role in Athenian Society

Womens intention in Greece can be seen when one first begins to do research on the subject. The subject of women in Greece is coupled with the subject of slaves. This is the earliest classification of women in classic society. Although women were treated differently from city to city the basic premise of that treatment never changed. Women were only useful for establishing a blood note that could carry on the family name and give the proper last rites to the husband. However, women did form life long bonds with their husbands and found love in arranged marriages.Women are defined as near slaves, or as perpetual minors in Athenian society (The Greek World, pg. 200). For women life didnt extend far from the home, which was thought to be their restore realm of existence. Though they ranked higher than slaves did, they were treated in many of the corresponding ways. Just same(p) slaves, their m new(prenominal)s trained women as adolescents what their domestic duties were. They were secluded from all males, including those in their family. They lived in gynaikeion, which were womens apartments in capital of Greece (Daily deportment in Greece, pg. 55). They were kept at home where they were taught the proper manners and duties of a desirable wife. nuptials was the inevitable goal to which her whole life tended. To remain a spinster was the worst disg laundry which could come to pass a woman (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 82). However, it was seen as more of a disgrace on her father who owned her until she was get married.Although Athenian women were completely in charge of their household and slaves, they didnt have a great deal freedom. They rarely left the house, unless they were part of some sort of religious procession. They could only walk abroad in the streets if accompanied by a slave or other attendant. It was improper for respectable women to share the same social entertainments as men. Even if caught in the courtyard of the house by a male visitor, they would give up to the seclusion of their own apartments. Pericles once said, it was their business to be spoken of as little as workable whether for good or ill (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 82). This sentiment describes the extent of the importance of women in society. Marriage was their only major role in the lives of men.The betrothal was arranged by the parents as a strictly business contract. The parents choice of a suitable groom for their bride was a occasion of pride and status for the family. The grooms choice in bride was largely determined by the amount of money of dowry the bride would bring with her. Although the wedding was a happy ceremony, it was only the beginning of a womans loss of independence. Not only did women possess no independent status in the eyes of the impartiality she always remained under the supervision of a male. If her husband died, she was returned to her fathers or brothers home where they would take charge of her.After the wedding, the wifes duties were centered on the management of the home. She would dismiss the slaves, mend and make clothing for her family, usually done by spinning or knitting, weave rugs and baskets for the home, or just fold and refold the clothing kept in the family chest. The wife was also responsible for maintaining her attractiveness for her husband. A proper Athenian wife would adorn herself with jewelry and use rouge upon her husbands reach home. Sometimes she might spend an entire evening sitting next to the couch where her husband rest reclining.Most importantly the Athenian women were seen as fine upstanding matrons fit to bear a race of excellent athletes (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 86). An Athenian man married primarily to have children. These children were pass judgment to care for him in his old age, but more importantly to bury him with the full appropriate rites (Daily Life in Greece, pg. 57). Moreover, Athenian men married to have male children i n order to perpetuate the family line and guarantee him honors when he died. It was also a large disgrace for a man to be unmarried. Basically, Athenians married not out of love for each other, but for religious and social convenience.All this aside, love was immense in Greek society. Although love was never a determining factor in marriages, a lifelong bond and devotion developed amongst a couple as the years passed. We know that the Greeks of the twenty percent and fourth century used the word eros (love) to describe the passion linking a husband and his wife (Daily Life in Greece, pg. 58). There are many instances in myth and history where husbands and wives in Greek society have sacrificed themselves for the sake of the other. They were bonded together by their love of their family and by their dedication to each other through their family. Women were dedicated to the happiness of their husband and the well being of their children. Men were dedicated to providing for and supp orting their family and cosmetic surgery noteworthy children. These common goals brought together the husband and wife like never before. It was this bond that sparked the beginning of a lifelong commitment to one another and the growth of their love for one another.Although women were not given clod rights, they were able to find pride and happiness in the mundane applications of their life. Women found pride in their children and propitiation in their husbands happiness. I would like to leave you with closing remarks that illustrate the bond between a wife and her husband.The greatest pleasure to me will be this, that, if you prove yourself my superior, you will make me your retainer and there will be no fear lest with advancing years your influence will refuse nay the better companion you are to me and the better guardian of the house to our children, the greater will be the esteem in which you are held at home and all will admire you, not so untold for your good looks as fo r your good deeds in practical life (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 86).Atthis, who didst live for me and breathe thy last toward me, once the source of all my joy and now of tears, holy, much lamented, how sleepst thou the mournful sleep, thou whose head was never laid away from thy husbands breast, going away Theios alone as one who is no more for with thee the hope of our life went to darkness (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 87).