Strategic Operational And Tactical Level Information Technology Essay

Strategic Operational And Tactical Level info engineering science EssayIt is the combination of education Technology and people using it to carry out trading operations and perplexity. In a large sense it is frequently used with in people to motion entropy and technology. It is withal refer to Information and Communication Technology (ICT), which is used in organization, where people work with this to support business makees.There is a clear distinguishable between nurture transcription, ICT and business procedure. IT is completely different from information brass, information system consist of ICT comp mavinnt. Information system service of services to control the movement of business process.Information system is a special type of work system, which produces products or proceedss for customer, where human and machines perform work using ICT and resources. Information system purpose is to process information.Information system is a system which represents entropy and process as a form of social memory. Information system supports human finality reservation and action.What is the role of Information Systems in todays competitive business environment on Strategic, Operational and Tactical level?Strategic LevelIS (Information system) supports business processes and operationsIS helps managers to accomplish their daily activities and functions properly, for ensample, in bank, creation of accounts, statement generation etc take place and IS helps managers control such activities with greater accuracy and in a timely way of life-time with the help of softw ar.IS supports ending qualification for managers and employeesIS takes information as input and hence processes it to generate information simply defined as Input Process Information. This information is used by the managers for the improvement of their organizations, for example, existing historical data about customers in bank house be analyzed by IS and important information c an be generated standardized bad customers and good customers, etc. This information can be used by managers piece of music deciding whether to approve loan for late customers or notIS supports in making strategic ending for competitive advantageBy analyzing data collected from different sources, IS can supply valuable information such as which items to launch in which location so that the company can pay advantage over their competitors using this information. IS can also help business houses in carrying out their business processes differently than their competitors.Operational LevelIS promises Operational excellence In order to achieve higher(prenominal) profitability, businesses improve their operations efficiency. Managers make use of IS in business operations to achieve higher levels of productivity and efficiency. An excellent example is the use of the RetailLink system at Wal-Mart this system digitally links ein truth one of the Wal-Marts stores with its suppliers the supplier is monitoring the items and as soon as an item is purchased, the supplier knows that a replacement essential be shipped to the shelf.IS helps create new products, business moldings and services In firms, Information system is a crucial tool in creating new services and products and new business models. Business models describe how the companies produce, deliver and sells a product or service to be successful. An example is Apple Inc it trans organize an old business model which was found on its iPod technology platform that included iPod, iPhone and the iTunes music service.IS helps monitor increase Supplier/Customer intimacy When a customer is served well by a business, he usually responds by returning and purchasing more from the business this raises the profits and revenues of the business. The more the business engages its suppliers, the better the suppliers ar able to post vital inputs which in turn lowers greets. An example is the high-end hotel, Manhattans Th e Mandarin Oriental and other such high-end hotels they illustrate the use of IS and technology to achieve better customer intimacy. They dawn guests preferences using computers, such as their preferred television programs, check-in times and room temperatures.Tactical LevelIS helps making better decisions Many managers operate in an information bank and they never have the relevant information at the right moment to make a learned decision poor outcomes like these loose customers and raise costs. Managers can use real time data while making decisions IS allow managers to use real-time data from the marketplace while making decisions. An example is the Verizon Corporation, which uses a network-based digital dashboard that gives managers accurate real-time information on customer complains and network performances. By using this information, managers can cursorily inform customers of the repair work, assign repair resources to the involved argonas, and restore service promptly.Comp etitive advantage When the firms achieve the business objectives, for example, customer intimacy, running(a) excellence, improved decision making, new services, products and business models, than it is most like that they have achieved a competitive advantage already. Accomplishing these things finer than their objects, responding to suppliers and customers in real time, charging less for premium products all minimal brain dysfunction up to higher sales and profits. An example is the Toyota mathematical product System which mainly focuses on organizing work to make continuous improvements, eliminating waste Toyota Production System is based on what the customers actually ordered.How are Information Systems transforming the usable areas of organizations?Computers are used for almost any task. We check email with it, watch media, bank and more. Information is the life of organization, damaged or lost data can cause financial loss, law suits, etc. Information system contains hardwa re, software, data, applications, communication and people. It helps an organization to manage and seize its critical corporate, customer and employee data. Information system improves work process and gives lot of other benefits. An example is the movement Processing System (TPS) which is used in one functional area of a business it process routine transactions more accurately and efficiently. TPS has galore(postnominal) sub-species which are directly linked to their respective functional areas, for example, there is Finance and Accounting Systems for the functional areas of accounts and finance, benignant Resource System for the Human Resource area, etc.Information System is different form other system because its purpose is to monitor and document the operations of other systems, we can also call it target system. For example, production activities would be the target system for a production scheduling information system, human resources would be the target system of a human resource information system. Every reactive system has a sub system called Information system, whose purpose is to monitor and control system.Task 2There are umteen, many types of Information systems, provided the most communal ones are theseTransaction Processing System (TPS) ending Support System (DSS) Management Information System (MIS) Office Automation System (OAS) Executive Information System (EIS) and Data Warehouses (DW).Transaction Processing System (TPS) TPS is a basic business system and it handles the tracking and touch on of transactions. A transaction is simply an font which is of interest to the organization, for example, a railway booking system in which Booking, Cancellation, etc are all transactions or a sale at a store. TPS is very useful and has many functions and itServes the most elementary day-to-day activities of an organization.Is very often crucial to the survival of the organizationUsually has high volumes of output and input necessitate to be fault- tolerantSupports the operational level of the businessSupplies data for higher-level management decisionsCan have strategic consequences, for example, airline reservation systemDeals with well-structured processes.A Transaction processing system has many sub-species, some of which areSales and Marketing Systems These are systems that support the sales and marketing functions by easing the movement of services and goods from producers to customers. For example, a Stores sale system would automatically record and total purchase transactions and print out a packing list this would improve customer service and maintain customer data.Manufacturing and Production systems These systems supply data to operate, control and monitor the production processes, such as shipping, receiving, purchasing, scheduling, engineering, resource management, quality control, etc. For example, a system in factory that measures samples of products and gets information from that then statistically analyses the samples and shows when the operators should take corrective action.Human Resource System These systems deal with performance evaluation, compensation, placement, career development and recruitment of the firms employees. Examples of HRS include training and skills, applicant tracking, personnel record keeping, positions, benefits.Finance Accounting System These systems maintain records which c at oncern the flow of funds in the firm and they also produce financial statements, such as income statements and balance sheets. E.g for General Ledger Budgeting, Billing Cost Accounting, Accounts Payable/ Receivable Funds management systems, payroll. These systems were among the earliest to be computerized. Examples of Financial systems are loan management, cash management, securities trading and check processing.Management Information Systems (MIS) They assist lower management in problem solving and making decisions. MIS usually takes data from the transaction processing system and summar izes it into a series of management reports which are to be used by the middle management and operational supervisors. MIS is a set of information processing functions and queries should be handled by it as quickly as they arrive. Database is an important element of MIS. MIS simply provides managers with feedback on daily operations it also provides information and support for stiff decision making. An example of MIS is an annual budgeting system.Decision Support System (DSS) DSS provides information, models or analysis tools to the senior managers and strategic management staff to help them make decisions. DSS are used for support of unstructured decisions and they are for analytical work mainly, for example, creating of what-if models using spreadsheets databases. An example job for a Decision Support System would be a 6 year operating plan.Office Automation Systems (OAS) They are used to improve the productivity of employees who need to process data information for reducing pa per warfare. For example, Microsoft Office XP improves the productivity of employees working in an office or system that allow employees to work from home or whilst on the move. OAS software tools are often integrated and are designed for easy operations (for example, a graph from a spreadsheet can be merchandise in the Word Processor).Executive Information System (EIS) Also known as Executive Support System (ESS) and it provides information to the executives in a promptly accessible, interactive format. EIS (or ESS) usually allow summary of the entire organization and also allows drilling down to specific levels of detail. EIS also use data which is produced by demonstrate level Transaction Processing System so the executives can gain an overview of the entire organization. EIS require extensive staff to operate and are very high-ticket(prenominal) to run and are used by top level (strategic) management.Data Warehouses System A Data Warehouse is a place where data is stored ana lysis, protective covering and archival purposes. A data warehouse is usually either a single computer or a giant computer system formed by tying many computers together. Besides storing large amount of data, they must also possess the systems in place that would make it easy to access the data and use in day-to-day operations. It is also sometimes referred to be a major role player in DSS, or Decision Support System.How you aim the major support systems, and relate them to managerial functions?Support systems are Office Automation, Decisions Support Systems, Management Information system and TPS.Management Information system (MIS) in the main takes the data from TPS (Transaction processing system) and summarizes it into a series of management reports, which are used by operational supervisors and also by the middle management.Decision-Support Systems are designed to help management make decisions, when there is uncertainty about the possible outcome. DSS gather relevant informat ion with the help of tools and techniques and analyze the options and alternatives. DSS often create what-if models with the use of databases and spreadsheets. knowledge Management Systems (KMS) helps business create and share information. This helps employees who creates and shares knowledge and expertise, which is shared in organization to create further commercial opportunities. KMS allows efficient categorization and distribution of knowledge. For example knowledge might be in word documents, spreadsheets, power point or internet etc, to share KMS would use collaboration system like intranet.Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) process routine transaction accurately and efficiently and businesses may have many TPS, for exampleInvoices are sent to customers using the Billing systemsSystems that describe monthly and weekly payroll and tax paymentsCalculations of raw materials using Production and purchasing systemsUsing Stock control systems to process of all movement deep down the businessesOffice Automation Systems (OAP) improves the productivity of the employees that process data information. For example, Microsoft Office XP improves productivity of employees that work in an office or system that enable employees to work on the move or from home.Task 3Describe the tools and techniques provided by the Information Systems department and its relationship with end-users to solve the specific problems?The Information system department provides many different tools and techniques to solve problems and the main ones areData Warehouses Their main purpose is to establish a data storehouse that makes operational data accessible in a form which is readily acceptable for analytical processing activities like Decision Support or EIS. Data Warehouses have many different characteristics such as Organization (data are organized), Time Variant (data kept for 5-10 years so it can be used for forecasting and comparisons), Non-Volatility (data are not updated once it has b een entered in the warehouse), Consistency (data are coded in a logical manner) and Client/Server (the data warehouse provides the end user an easy access to the data by using the clients/servers).How it solves problemsThe Data in the warehouses is organized for less confusionThe Data is stored for a long time, allows for forecasts and comparisonsTakes raw data and codes it in a consistent matter for easy analysisProvides the end user an easy access to its dataThe data warehouse uses a relational structureThe data are located in one place, allows data to be reached quicklyWeb browsers can be used to allow end users to reach data substantiallyData Mining the process of analyzing data from different views and then summarizing it into useful information. Such information could be used to cut costs, raise revenue or both. For years, companies have used very powerful computers to sift through large volumes of supermarket scanner data and analyze market research reports. Data Mining is currently being used in areas like Retailing and Sales, Banking, Insurance, Airlines, Health Care, Computer Software Hardware, etc.How it solves problemsData mining automates the process of discovering predictive information in very large databasesData mining tools identify previous hidden patterns in just one stepCan operate on crude or even unstructured information.Text Web Mining Text mining is the application of data mining to less structured text files. Web Mining are mining tools which can be used to analyze large amounts of data on the Web (like what customers are doing on the Internet).How it solves problemsGroups documents by greenness themes, making them easier to locate sortFinds the hidden content of documents and also additional useful relationshipsGeographic Information System (GIS) this is a computer-based system which is used for capturing, checking, storing, manipulating, compound and displaying data using digitalized maps.How it solves problemsEvery digital object or record has an identified geographical locationBranch performances can be monitored, analyzed and compared leger and traffic patterns of business activities can be monitoredGeographical area served by each Bank branch can be observed, to plan if new banks are needed or not.Data Visualization This is the presentation of data by technologies like digital images, graphical user interface, 3-d presentations and animations, geographical information systems, realistic reality, multidimensional graphs tables.How it solves problemsPresents many different kinds of data into a common, understandable way for better more accurate analysis reduces errors too.On-Line Analytic Processing this is the technology that allows users of multidimensional databases to generate on-line comparative summaries of data and other analytical enquiries OLAP can also be integrated into corporate databases systems.How it solves problemsOLAP facilities allow managers and analysts to monitor the performan ce of the business or market.The end-results of OLAP technologies can be very simple (frequency tables, etc) to make the data much easier to understand and analyze.How the Executives may use any alternative data/ information processing techniques to support the decision makingThis is a crucial step in making an effective decision. The more good options that you consider, the more comprehensive your final decision will be.You force yourself to reach deeper and you look at problems via different angles, when you generate alternatives. By using the mindset there must be other solutions out there, you have more chance to make the best possible decision. If you havent got other reasonable alternatives, then theres not much of a decision to makeBelow is a summary of some of the important techniques and tools to help teams develop good alternatives.Generating IdeasBrainstorming is possibly the most well known system for generating ideas.Reverse Brainstorming works in the same manner. But , it works by asking people to brainstorm of how to achieve the opposite result from the one required, and then simply reversing those actions.The Charette Procedure is a systematic process and it gathers and develops ideas from many stakeholders.Crawford Slip Writing Technique generates ideas from a large number of people. This method is extremely effective and ensures that ideas from everyone are heard and weighed equally irrespective of the persons power in the organization.Explore the AlternativesYou need to evaluate the risks and implications of each choice once you are completely well-provided that you have a good selection of realistic alternatives.RiskTheres almost always some degree of uncertainty in decision making process that may lead to risks, inevitably. You can determine if the risk is manageable of not simply by evaluating the risks involved with the options.Risk Analysis allows you to look at risks impartially. It prize threats and evaluates the probability of eve nts taking place using a structured approach their management costs.ImplicationsYou can consider the potential consequences of each of your optionsSix Thinking Hats, later on viewing the alternatives from 6 different perspectives, you can assess the consequences of a decision.Impact Analysis, useful technique for brainstorming the unexpected outcomes that could mount from a decision.Choose the go around AlternativeAfter assessing the different alternatives, the following step is choosing between them. The choice could be very obvious, but if it is not, then the tools below will help grid Analysis (or decision matrix), is a very useful tool for this type of evaluation. It helps bring different factors in the process of decision making in a reliable way, therefore this tool is invaluable.Paired Comparison Analysis help decide the importance of differing factors and helps you compare factors that are unlike and decide which ones should influence your decision the most.Decision Trees are useful in deciding between options. These bring the probability of project failure/success in the decision making process and help you lay out the various options available to you.Task 4Information systems are made out of components that can be assembled in many different congurations resulting in a variety of information systems and applications, much as construction materials can be assembled to build different homes. The size and cost of a home depend on the purpose of the building, the availability of money, and constraints such as ecological and environmental legal requirements. Just as there are many different types of houses, so there are many different types of information systems. We classify houses as single-family homes, apartments, townhouses, and cottages. Similarly, it is useful to classify information systems into groups that share resembling characteristics. A classication such as this may help in identifying systems, analyzing them, planning new Information Sys tems CongurationsOrganizations are made up of components such as variabilitys, departments, and work units, organized in hierarchical levels. For example, most organizations have functional departments, such as production and accounting, which report to plant management, which report to a division head. The divisions report to the corporate headquarters. Although some organizations have restructured themselves in innovative ways, such as those based on cross-functional teams, today the vast majority of organizations still have a traditional hierarchical structure. Thus, we can nd information systems built for headquarters, for divisions, for the functional departments, for operating units, and even for individual employees. Such systems can stand alone, but usually they are interconnected. Typical information systems that follow the organizational structure are functional (departmental), enterprise-wide, and inter-organizational. These systems are organized in a hierarchy in which each higher-level system consists of several (even many) systems from the level below it. A departmental system supports the functional areas in each company. At a higher level, the enterprise-wide system supports the entire company, and inter-organizational systems connect different companies.The major functional information systems are organized around the traditional departments- Finance IS Finance IS Accounting IS Accounting IS Human Resources Human Resources Corporate a System Electronic Market Electronic Market Corporate B System Marketing IS Marketing IS Production IS Production IS Administrative IS Administrative IS Corporate C System